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Annual Report of the Board of Regents

of the

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

PUBLICATION 4232

Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the

Institution for the Year Ended June 30 1955

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 11956

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $4 (cloth)

NOV 2 ~ 1956

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, December 29, 1956.

’o the Congress of the United States:

In accordance with section 5593 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, I have the honor, on behalf of the Board of Regents, to submit to Congress the annual report of the operations, expendi- tures, and condition of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended June 30, 1955. I have the honor to be,

Respectfully,

LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary.

-

‘CONTENTS

Mist OmORIClal Serre meee wees ee nee ee ee ee eee ees eee GENETA BU ALCTICM Geers ee ese eee ee ene ee ee retreat ae eee laren cei Stes sbheplstablishmen Gees sss seme ae eee hen ee mer nee met rene See ee Une STO DOATOTOr VCR CILUS Serre mete ee eee See eee ee eran ate TESTES a 61S ae a epg AS ee oe OSS TATSTT Oy gee ah Bh a pi ie Re Ae il oan PN ar gr eae ees Wheetures! oa 5-2 aa oes See ee a eee ee SES AWAEOPOISUAN COV IMC Ale. eat eee nee ee i ee ee ee EP Our hON OL CS eee ne ee ete ee ee oe ee ee eee undstior whe WnsvituvlOne ¢ os ee ae ea er eS eee se IBio-Sciencesp informs fi Ome EXC ls 1 Ge meee ye ee ee ee Organization andsstalteso. fe aes oa ee eee se ee eee Summary of the year’s activities of the Institution-________-___-_---_-- Reports of branches of the Institution: Wnited staves National Wiuseum 2) oe) 2 2 a ee Bureaulor American: LtINOlOSY 2222 50 oe ane ee ee es INECTODNVSICAl ODSEIVALOLY.- 6a Se eee oan cee we ee ee National’ Collection of Fine, ATts=- => 22oa es ea 22 ee ee reer Gallery O1cArh se 5 <2 ce en Spare een ee ere ape Nation aleATr a VUUSeU rie as oe Si ree Noe EL eaten oe De eB National LOOLO eI CANGE ar Kee ans apa Sie Sn Ee eee apa eee cas @analeZone DiOlogiCAlvATeAa! = ==. SUSE 2s oe ee en ee international’ Hxchange, Services. semen eee ee ee National GallorysolvArts <6 225 -uia ee Oe eae ge a RECTION THe, MOLAR. 2 2-8 bos ae eee ae oe eee eee oe en so ee enoronspublicationsss2— = as S28 Bee aes oe ee ee esc Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents____..------- GENERAL APPENDIX Science serving the Nation, by Lee A. DuBridge__-___-__-----__---------

The development of nuclear power for peaceful purposes, by Henry D.

Genetics in the service of man, by Bentley Glass___..__..__.___----------- Cultural status of the South African man-apes, by Raymond A. Dart__- The history of the mechanical heart, by George B. Griffenhagen and

Calvanerineriichesy ce Seer ys Li. MR ee ete See

it

IV CONTENTS

Some chemical studies on viruses, by Wendell M. Stanley________._____ The scent language of honey bees, by Ronald Ribbands- --_-__ pegs = eee Thearmy ants; by -Da'C..Schneirlas-3 323 522) sae se eee ee ae ne The hibernation of mammals, by L. Harrison Matthews___-__._________ Parasites common to animals and man, by Benjamin Schwartz_______ __- Some observations on the functional organization of the human brain, by

Wilder Penfield-.222°o. o. 5. SSee soe ee ee ee ree The place of tropical soils in feeding the world, by Robert L. Pendleton__ Tree rings and history in the western United States, by Edmund Schulman_ New light on the dodo and its illustrators, by Herbert Friedmann__-_-____ George Catlin, painter of Indians and the West, by John C. Ewers_-______

LIST OF PLATES

Secretary’s Report: Plates 2ssor is seen ae see On a ee Plates’) 45 202 ee see ee es Se eee ae PIS GEST Dr Osada om em NS Te ar et oy ne ro Solar activity, (Spencer,Jones) Plates Wc22— 2 2 ee ee ee Forty years of aeronautical research (Hunsaker): Plates 1-10___________ South African man-apes (Dart):

1 2 EE Ps Ye I ES Pag ae ES OI SE PACA, ph Ae oe A ema re. Ss Mechanical heart (Griffenhagen and Hughes): Plates 1-4__-___________ : Viruses (Stanley) sb lates or ne nc nee os Oe es eee ee ee Scent language of honey bees (Ribbands): Plates, 1, 2---._-_-____--____ Army, ATCS (OCOMEIEIA) = ey LAbes tema on ae St oe eee ee Hibernation of mammals (Matthews): Plates 1, 2______---___________- Parasites common to animals and man (Schwartz): Plates 1-4______ ape Functional organization of the human brain (Penfield): Plate 1_________ Tree rings and history (Schulman): Plates 1-4_____.-.--_-__-__.______- Dodov (Hriedmanmn) Pla test la ee eee lee ee eng ee ee George Catlin (Ewers): Plates 1-20_...._____---__-- ee spec tapes ay

Page 357 369 379 407 419

433 44] 459 475 483

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION June 30, 1955

Presiding Officer ex officio—DwicHt D. EIseENHOwER, President of the United States. Chancellor.—HarL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: DwicHt D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States. RicHarD M. Nixon, Vice President of the United States. Hart WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States. JOHN Foster DULLES, Secretary of State. GrorcE M. HUMPHREY, Secretary of the Treasury. CHARLES BH. Winson, Secretary of Defense. HERBERT BROWNELL, JR., Attorney General. ARTHUR E). SUMMERFIELD, Postmaster General. Dovetas McKay, Secretary of the Interior. Hizra TAFT BENSON, Secretary of Agriculture. SINCLAIR WEEKS, Secretary of Commerce. JAMES P. MITCHELL, Secretary of Labor. Oveta CuLp Hossy, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Regents of the Institution: HARL WARREN, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. RicHARpD M. NIxon, Vice President of the United States. CLINTON P. ANDERSON, Member of the Senate. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Member of the Senate. H. ALEXANDER SMITH, Member of the Senate. CLARENCE CANNON, Member of the House of Representatives. OvERTON Brooks, Member of the House of Representatives. JOHN M. Vorys, Member of the House of Representatives. VANNEVAR Bus3H, citizen of Washington, D. C. ARTHUR H. Compton, citizen of Missouri. Rosert V. FLEMING, citizen of Washington, D. C. JEROME C. HUNSAKER, citizen of Massachusetts. Heecutive Committee—Rosert V. FLEMING, chairman, VANNEVAR BUSH, CLAR- ENCE CANNON. Secretary.— LEONARD CARMICHAEL. Assistant Secretaries.— JOHN BH. Grar, J. L. Keppy. Administrative assistant to the Secretary.—Mnkrs. LOUISE M. PEARSON. Treasurer.—THOMAS F. CLark. Chief, editorial and publications division.—PaAvUL H. OEHSER. Assistant chief, editorial and publications division.—JoHN S. LEA. Librarian.—Mrs. Leta F. Clark. Superintendent of buildings and grounds.—L. L. OLIvER. Assistant superintendents of buildings and grounds.—CHARLES C. SINCLAIR, ANDREW F.. MICHAELS, JR. Chief, personnel division.—Jack B. NEWMAN. Chief, supply division—ANrTrHONY W. WILDING. Chief, photographic laboratory.—¥F. B. KEstNeER.

VI ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Director.—A. REMINGTON KELLOGG.

Evhibits specialist —J. FE. ANGLIM.

Echibits workers.—VT. G. Baker, Don H. Berkepiin, R. O. Hower, BENJAMIN LAWLEss, W. T. MARINETTI, Epwarp W. NORMANDIN, JR., Morris M. PEARSON, GEORGE STUART.

Chief, office of correspondence and records ——HrELena M. WEISS.

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY : Frank M. Setzler, head curator; A. J. Andrews, exhibits specialist ; Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Smithsonian fellow in anthropology ; W. W. Taylor, Jr., collaborator in anthropology.

Division of Archeology: Waldo R. Wedel, curator; Clifford Evans, Jr., asso- ciate curator; George S. Metcalf, museum aid; Mrs. Betty J. Meggers, research associate.

Division of Ethnology: H. W. Krieger, curator; J. C. Ewers, C. M. Watkins, associate curators; R. A. Elder, Jr., assistant curator.

Division of Physical Anthropology: T. Dale Stewart, curator; M. T. Newman, associate curator; W. J. Tobin, research associate.

Associate in Anthropology: Neil M. Judd.

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY : Waldo L. Schmitt, head curator; W. L. Brown, chief exhibits preparator ; C. R. Aschemeier, W. M. Perrygo, E. G. Laybourne, C. S. Hast, J. D. Biggs, exhibits preparators; Mrs. Aime M. Awl, scientific illustrator.

Division of Mammals: D. H. Johnson, acting curator; H. W. Setzer, Charles O. Hanley, Jr., associate curators; J. W. Paradiso, museum aide; A. Brazier Howell, collaborator; Gerrit 8. Miller, Jr., associate.

Division of Birds: Herbert Friedmann, curator; H. G. Deignan, associate curator; Gorman M. Bond, museum aide; Alexander Wetmore, research associate and custodian of alcoholic and skeleton collections.

Division of Reptiles and Amphibians: Doris M. Cochran, associate curator.

Division of Fishes: Leonard P. Schultz, curator; H. A. Lachner, associate curator; Robert H. Kanazawa, museum aide.

Division of Insects: J. F. Gates Clarke, curator; O. L. Cartwright, W. D. Field, Grace EH. Glance, associate curators; Sophy Parfin, junior ento- mologist; W. L. Jellison, M. A. Carriker, R. E. Snodgrass, C. F. W. Muese- beck, collaborators.

Section of Hymenoptera: W. M. Mann, Robert A. Cushman, assistant custodians.

Section of Diptera: Charles T. Greene, assistant custodian.

Section of Coleoptera: L. L. Buchanan, specialist for Casey collection.

Division of Marine Invertebrates: F. A. Chace, Jr., curator; Frederick M. Bayer, T. E. Bowman, associate curators; Mrs. L. W. Peterson, museum aide; Mrs. Harriet Richardson Searle, Max M. Ellis, J. Percy Moore, collaborators; Mrs. Mildred 8. Wilson, collaborator in copepod Crustacea.

Division of Mollusks: Harald A. Rehder, curator; Joseph P. E. Morrison, associate curator; W. J. Byas, museum aide; Paul Bartsch, associate.

Section of Helminthological Collections: Benjamin Schwartz, collabo-

rator. Associates in Zoology: T. S. Palmer, W. B. Marshall, A. G. Biéyving, C. R. Shoemaker.

Collaborator in Zoology: R. S. Clark. Collaborator in Biology: D. C. Graham.

SECRETARY’S REPORT Vil

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY (NATIONAL HERBARIUM) : Jason R. Swallen, head curator.

Division of Phanerogams: A, C. Smith, curator; BE. C. Leonard, E. H. Walker, Lyman B. Smith, Velva "h: Rudd, associate curators; E. P. Killip, research associate. sa at Se

Division of Ferns: C. V. Morton, curator.

Division of Grasses: Ernest R. Sohns, associate curator; Mrs. Agnes Chase, F. A. McClure, research associates.

Division of Cryptogams: C. V. Morton, acting curator; Paul S. Conger, asso- ciate curator; John A. Stevenson, custodian of C. G. Lloyd mycological collections and honorary curator of Fungi.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY : W. F. Foshag, head curator; J. H. Benn, museum geologist; L. B. Isham, Scientific illustrator.

Division of Mineralogy and Petrology: W. F. Foshag, acting curator; EH. P. Henderson, G. 8. Switzer, associate curators; I’. 8. Holden, physical science aide; Frank L. Hess, custodian of rare metals and rare earths.

Division of Intertebrate Paleontology and Palcobotany: Gustav A. Cooper, curator; A. R. Loeblich, Jr., David Nicol, associate curators; Robert J. Main, Jr., Mrs. Vera M. Gabbert, museum aides; J. Brookes Knight, Mrs. Helen N. Loeblich, research associates in paleontology.

Section of Invertebrate Paleontology: J. B. Reeside, Jr., custodian of Mesozoic collection; Preston Cloud, research associate. Section of Paleobotany: Roland W. Brown, research associate.

Division of Vertebrate Paleontology: C. L. Gazin, curator; D. H. Dunkle, associate curator; F. L. Pearce, G. D. Guadagni, F. O. Griffith, IIT, exhibits workers.

Associates in Mineralogy: W. T. Schaller, S. H. Perry.

Associate in Paleontology: R. S. Bassler.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIES: Frank A. Taylor, head curator.

Division of Engineering: R. P. Multhauf, curator; William EH. Bridges, Mu- seum aide.

Section of Civil and Mechanical Engineering: R. P. Multhauf, in charge.

Section of Tools: R. P. Multhauf, in charge.

Section of Marine Transportation: K. M. Perry, associate curator.

Section of Electricity : K. M. Perry, associate curator.

Section of Physical Sciences and Measurement: R. P. Multhauf, in charge.

Section of Horclogy: S. H. Oliver, associate curator.

Section of Land Transportation: S. H. Oliver, associate curator.

Division of Crafts and Industries: W. N. Watkins, curator; Edward ©. Ken- dall, associate curator; HE. A. Avery, museum aide; IF’. L. Lewton, research associate.

Section of Textiles: Grace L. Rogers, assistant curator.

Section of Wood Technology : W. N. Watkins, in charge.

Section of Manufactures: Edward C. Kendall, associate curator.

Section of Agricultural Industries: Hdward C. Kendall, associate curator.

Division of Medicine and Public Health: George B. Griffenhagen, associate curator; Alvin EH. Goins, museum aide.

Division of Graphic Arts: Jacob Kainen, curator; J. Harry Phillips, Jr., museum aide.

Section of Photography: A. J. Wedderburn, Jr., associate curator.

vill ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: Mendel L. Peterson, acting head curator.

Divisions of Military History and Naval History: M. L. Peterson, curator ; J. R. Sirlouis, assistant curator; Craddock R. Goins, Jr., junior historian.

Division of Civil History: Margaret W. Brown, associate curator; Frank BE. Klapthor, museum aide.

Division of Numismatics: S. M. Mosher, associate curator.

Division of Philately: Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., associate curator.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

Director. —MaTTHEW W. STIRLING.

Associate Director—FRANK H. H. ROBERTS, JR.

Anthropologists.—H. B. CoLiins, Jr., PHILIP DRUCKER.

Collaborators.—FRANCES DENSMORE, JOHN R. SwANTON, A. J. WARING, JR., R. J. Squires, R. F. HEIZER, Sister M. Inez HinceEr, RALPH S. SOLECKI.

Research associate-—JOHN P. HARRINGTON.

Scientific illustrator.—H. G. ScHUMACHER.

River BASIn Surveys.—FRANK H. H. Roserts, Jr., Director.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

Director.—Loyat B. ALDRICH. DIVISION OF ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH : Chief.—[Vacancy.] Astrophysicist.— FREDERICK A. GREELEY. Instrument makers.—D. G. TALBERT, J. H. HARRISON. Research associate-—CHARLES G. ABBOT. Table Mountain, Calif., field station—Atrrep G. FRomanp, STANLEY L. ALDRICH, physicists. Calama, Chile, field station—James E. ZIMMERMAN, physicist; JoHN A. Pora, physical science aide. DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS: Chief.—R. B. W1tHROW. Plant physiologists —WiL1i1aAM H. Kretn, Leonarp Price, V. B. Exstap, Mrs. AxicE P. WitHRow, CHAo C. Mon. Biochemist.—JoHN B. WOLrr.

NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS

Director.—THoMAs M. Braas.

Curator of ceramics.—P. V. GARDNER.

Chief, Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service—Mrs. ANNEMARIE H. Pope. Haehibits preparator.—RowLanp Lyon.

FREER GALLERY OF ART

Director.—A. G. WENLEY.

Assistant Director—Joun A. Pore.

Assistant to the Director—Burns A. Sruprs.

Associate in Near Eastern art—RicHarp ErrinaHAUSEN. Associate in technical research.—RuUTHERFORD J. GETTENS. Assistant in research.—Harotp P. Stern.

Research associate—Grace DUNHAM GUEST.

Honorary research associate-—Max LOEHR.

Consultant to the Director.—KATHERINE N. RHOADES.

SECRETARY'S REPORT

NATIONAL AIR MUSEUM

Advisory Board: LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Chairnan. Mag. Gen. George W. Munpy, U.S: Air Force. Rear ApM. APOLLO SoucEK, U.S. Navy. GROVER LOENING. WILLIAM B. Strout. Head curator—PauvL E. GARBER. Associate curator.—R. C. STROBELL. Manager, National Air Museum Facility —W. M. Mate. Museum aides—StTANLEY Porrer, WINTHROP S. SHAW.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director.—WILLIAM M. MANN.

Assistant Director.—ERNEST P. WALKER. Head Animal Keeper.—F RANK O. LOWE.

CANAL ZONE BIOLOGICAL AREA

Resident Manager.—JAMES ZETEK.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE

Chief.—D. G. WILLIAMS.

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART

Trustees: EARL WarREN, Chief Justice of the United States, Chairman. JoHN Foster DULLES, Secretary of State. Grorcr M. HumpHREY, Secretary of the Treasury.

LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

SAMUEL H. Kress.

FERDINAND LAMMOT BELIN.

DUNCAN PHILLIPS.

CHESTER DALE.

PauL MELLON. President.— SAMUEL H. Kress. Vice President.—FERDINAND LAMMOT BELIN. Secretary-Treasurer.—HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Director —Daviw E. FINLEY. Administrator —ERNEST R. FEIDLER. General Counsel—HUNTINGTON CAIRNS. Chief Curator.—JoHN WALKER. Assistant Director.—MAacGIL.L JAMES.

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Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution

LEONARD CARMICHAEL For the Year Ended June 30, 1955

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:

GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to submit a report showing the activ- ities and condition of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955.

GENERAL STATEMENT

The period covered by this report has been an active and fruitful one for the Smithsonian Institution.

It was noted in last year’s report that much time has been devoted to preliminary planning for the new buildings so urgently needed to make the museums of the Smithsonian comparable to the modern national museums of other great nations. The Institution’s collec- tions are probably the largest in the world, but because of the inade- quacy of its present buildings these collections can now be presented to the public in only most limited ways.

Building Program Gains Congressional Support

It is a great satisfaction to be able to report that legislation pro- viding for the planning and erection of a new museum building for the Smithsonian Institution was enacted during the first session of the 84th Congress. The bill, authorizing a $36-million Museum of His- tory and Technology, was signed by President Eisenhower on June 28, 1955. Subsequently, Congress appropriated $2,288,000 for the im- mediate planning of this great new museum, bringing it even further toward the realm of actuality. During the discussion of this legis- lation on the floor of the House of Representatives, many favorable statements were made about the place of the Smithsonian Institution in our national life. All of us at the Smithsonian are indeed grateful for the hard work done by so many people in connection with this leg- islation, which clears the great hurdle from the path toward providing adequate and fitting housing for many of the Nation’s priceless treas- ures. Certainly it is the greatest event for the Smithsonian Institu- tion since the erection of the Natural History Building half a century ago.

io ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

The new Museum of History and Technology will house all the national collections that record and illustrate the political, cultural, industrial, scientific, and military development of the United States. For the most part the materials to be exhibited in this new museum are those now on display or stored in the Arts and Industries Building. Some collections now temporarily housed in the Natural History Building will also find a place in the new building.

The new museum as we plan it will be both a museum of United States history and a museum of science, engineering, and industry. This combination is especially appropriate for a nation in which the industrial revolution achieved a most luxuriant flowering—matching the earlier American Revolution that gave our country its freedom and its unique institutions.

The Museum of History and Technology will be the Nation’s his- tory book of objects. In it the main elements of our national progress will be represented and related. To replace the clutter of cases and machines that crowd the old Arts and Industries Building, we plan a series of modern halls highlighting the principal periods of our history from colonial days to the present. Each main hall will illus- trate the dominant character of a particular period (the exploration of the West, for example) against a background of the times. This story of our national development will be told with original docu- ments, machines, costumes, inventions, home furnishings, weapons, the personal effects of famous Americans, and many other classes of authentic objects.

Connected with these main halls will be others in which the exhibits will amplify the themes of the main halls with subjects that might include Agriculture and Trade in the Colonies, Transportation to the Frontier, and others. Many halls will illustrate the development of particular devices or subjects, such as automobiles, mining, medi- cine, costumes, manufactures, engineering, and science. Here will be demonstrated the painstaking study, work, management, and trials that have been the lifeblood of our Nation’s progress. Likewise will be shown the Smithsonian’s world-famous collections of stamps and coins, guns, watercraft models, and all the others that have made the Institution a mecca for scholars, collectors, and hobbyists, the country over.

The site chosen for the new building is the Mall area of Washington bounded on the north by Constitution Avenue, on the east by 12th Street, on the south by Madison Drive, and on the west by 14th Street. Naturally much difficult and prolonged work lies ahead before such a monumental task can be consummated, but it is our earnest hope that the final planning of this new building may be done in 1956 and that construction may begin in 1957.

SECRETARY'S REPORT 3

Other Buildings Planned

By the use of private funds given to the Institution specifically for the purpose, preliminary drchitectural studies were made during the year for the projected new National Air Museum. ‘The proposed site for this museum is between 9th and 12th Streets, SW., on the south side of Independence Avenue, where it would be closely associated with other Smithsonian buildings. No final estimates have yet been given of the new Air Museum’s cost or of the time when it may be most appropriate to ask for public or private funds for its erection.

This new building is urgently needed. The airplane is in many respects a product of the genius of the American people. The Smith- sonian collections in this great field, beginning with the Wright brothers’ “Kitty Hawk” itself, are unrivaled in the world. ‘Today many of the most important treasures of the Smithsonian collection of aircraft and associated objects are crated and held in storage. They are thus not available either for the public or even for the use of en- gineers and patent authorities. As soon as possible it is important to find means, public or private, or both, for the erection of a suitable building for this great collection.

The National Collection of Fine Arts is now also most inadequately provided for in an incongruous setting in the Natural History Build- ing. As was especially emphasized in last year’s report, a new Smith- sonian Institution Gallery of Art to house the great historical paint- ings in this collection, the National Portrait Gallery, and the work of deserving living artists is most urgently needed. The collections that will be displayed in the proposed new gallery would include painting, sculpture, ceramics, and other forms of decorative art.

Authorization to construct wings on the Natural History Building was approved by Congress in 1932, but it has never been implemented by an appropriation. Our superlative study collections in natural history are crowded from attic to basement and have extensively in- vaded the exhibition halls. ‘To be of the greatest use to the Nation, these collections must continue to grow, for only in this way can they become more complete and thus more useful in the scientific and eco- nomic researches conducted by many other agencies. Room for ex- pansion is urgently needed for all the collections in anthropology, geology, and zoology. Also far below our needs is laboratory space for the scientists and aides working on these collections, and for the visiting specialists who so freely and generously assist in this work. The over-all situation is such that the addition of wings on the Natural History Building must hold high priority in the Institution’s build- ing program.

4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Exhibits Modernization in Full Swing

During the year further progress was made in the renovation of major exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution, under the long-range modernization program authorized by Congress. President and Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower honored the Smithsonian by coming to the Institution on May 24. On that occasion Mrs. Eisenhower officially opened the new First Ladies Hall at special ceremonies in the Arts and Industries Building. This hall displays in authentic settings gowns worn by each of the ladies in the history of the country who have served as Presidential hostesses. In creating the new settings the de- signers wherever possible have combined real architectural details taken from the White House in its various renovations with furniture and fixtures owned by or associated with both the White House and the First Ladies. The dresses are thus seen in the type of surround- ings in which they were worn. All the objects, for example, in the room in which Martha Washington’s dress is displayed, belonged to President Washington. <A large and beautiful mirror on exhibit in this room which belonged to President Washington has been at the Smithsonian Institution for more than 60 years, but never before has it been on display. The amazing success of this new hall is attested by the crowds of visitors that it attracts.

In the Natural History Building a modernized hall illustrating the life of various Indian tribes of California, southwestern United States, and Latin America was formally opened on June 2, as a feature of the program of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Asso- ciation of Museums held in Washington. These exhibits, numbering more than 50 in all, use mainly materials long in the possession of the Smithsonian but present them in such an attractive way that the visitors may learn easily and quickly how these primitive peoples actually lived. ‘They stress the remarkable ingenuity of the American Indians in utilizing the natural resources of such different environ- ments as seacoasts, deserts, grasslands, Jungles, and mountain valleys to provide food, clothing, shelter, and materials for arts and crafts. The ability of the primitive Indian to wrest a living from the most uninviting environments is a striking characteristic. The wide range of Indian skills in handicrafts is represented in displays of California Indian baskets (some of the world’s finest basketwork) , Navaho weav- ing and silverwork, Pueblo Indian decorated pottery, colorful weav- ings of Guatemalan Indians, religious wood carvings of the San Blas Cuna in Panama, and paintings on guanaco skins worn as robes by Tehuelche Indians in Argentina. Included are nine large, dramati- cally lighted groups of life-size Indian figures engaged in typical tribal activities. Another shows Navaho weavers and silversmiths

SECRETARY’S REPORT 5

at work. Still others illustrate the preparation of acorn meal by Hupa Indians of northern California, the processing of cassava by Carib Indians in British Guiana, and Tehuelche horsemen packing their belongings in moving camp. Five dioramas portray the life of other Indian tribes. One of them recreates in miniature a village of Lucayan Indians in the Bahamas in which the natives are excitedly viewing the approach of Columbus’s ships. Another diorama rep- resents a simple hunting camp of the sparsely clothed, poorly housed Yahgan Indians of Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost people of the world. Themes of wide popular interest are interpreted in other ex- hibits—such as the process of shrinking human heads employed by Jivaro warriors of the Ecuadorian jungles, the construction of a Pueblo Indian apartment house, and the use of shells for money in native California.

A companion hall will soon be started interpreting the lives of the Eskimo and the Indians of Canada and of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Progress was made during the year on a new hall in which selected portions of the magnificent bird collection of the Smithsonian can be displayed. Work has also been done on the new North American mammal hall, on a hall that will show the de- velopment of power machinery, and on another hall that will illus- trate the cultural history of the United States. Although some of the exhibits in these halls will be moved to the new building, it is especially important to prepare them as soon as possible, because the labor involved in each such presentation is very time-consuming, and only by having modern exhibits ready to be installed in the new building can maximum use be made of the improved facilities of such a structure as soon as it is opened.

During the year the public comfort rooms of the Natural History Building, which had not been generally repaired since 1910, were modernized. The steam supply lines of the Arts and Industries Building and of the Freer Gallery of Art were replaced. This latter building for the first time since its erection was thoroughly cleaned inside and repainted. More than half of the exhibit halls of the Arts and Industries Building were repainted. Some of the paint in these rooms had peeled from the plaster, and in other places it was seriously stained. The bright new colors of present-day paints have done much to improve the visibility of exhibits and the attrac- tiveness of the building.

THE ESTABLISHMENT

The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846, in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson, of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States

6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” In receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress determined that the Federal Government was without authority to administer the trust directly, and, therefore, constituted an “establishment” whose statutory members are “the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.”

THE BOARD OF REGENTS

The affairs of the Institution are administered by a Board of Re- gents whose membership consists of “the Vice President, the Chief Justics of the United States, and three members of the Senate, and three members of the House of Representatives; together with six other persons, other than members of Congress, two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington and the other four shall be in- habitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.” One of the Regents is elected Chancellor of the Board. In the past the selection has fallen upon the Vice President or the Chief Justice.

The past year brought the death of a valued member of the Board of Regents. Former Justice of the Supreme Court Owen Josephus Roberts died on May 17, 1955. Justice Roberts had been a Regent only since July 23, 1953, and on account of illness had been able to attend only one meeting of the Board. The death of this eminent jurist and public servant was a severe loss to the Institution.

The Board is honored to welcome as a new member the Honorable Overton Brooks of Louisiana to succeed the Honorable Leroy John- son. It is my pleasure also to record the reappointment to the Board of the Honorable Clarence Cannon, the Honorable John M. Vorys, the Honorable Clinton P. Anderson, the Honorable Leverett Salton- stall, and Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker.

The annual informal dinner meeting of the Board was held in the main hall of the Smithsonian Building on the evening of January 18, 1955, amid various exhibits showing phases of the work being carried on at present. Brief illustrated talks on their special fields of research and activities were made by three staff members: Frederick M. Bayer, Dr. George S. Switzer, and Archibald Wenley.

The regular annual meeting of the Board was held on January 14, 1955. At this meeting the Secretary presented his published annual report on the activities of the Institution and its bureaus; and Robert Y. Fleming, chairman of the executive and permanent committees of the Board, presented the financial report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 7

The roll of Regents at the close of the fiscal year was as follows: Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren, Chancellor; Vice President Richard Nixon; members from the Senate: Clinton P. Anderson, Leverett Saltonstall, H. Alexander Smith; members from the House of Representatives: Clarence Cannon, John M. Vorys, Overton Brooks; citizen members: Vannevar Bush, Arthur H. Comp- ton, Robert V. Fleming, and Jerome C. Hunsaker.

FINANCES

A statement on finances, dealing particularly with Smithsonian pri- vate funds, will be found in the report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, page 167.

APPROPRIATIONS

Funds appropriated to the Institution for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, total $3,048,146, obligated as follows:

Management the. sos s2 hese Oh kik Ee Ee. LES oe ete $63, 830 United States National Museum______ fe A RECS Sa l/s, ee hE ae sy AS Og 2 eel dla DRY BureaukoreAmerican-H thnology= 34 awe e ee ee ee ee 58, 730 Astrophysical Observatory___------ ~~ SUE Tp sda e Mis Ee Ai Nepal arene 110, 680 Nationale Comection orn G An TS. ween ek en. 2 lene Sees 44, 523 NENEHO Ta ee AUL TVET SO Uy Mn eee eee eee Ser em een wee ery Sen b ree ee ete eee cee 86, 119 International Exchange Service____-__-__ Bee ely WUT ES 79, 376 Canal Zone Biological Area___--__-______ BT RAL ese ee) Se ane Aare 2 oe 8, 478 Maintenance and operation of buildings22 2s ee 1, 121, 697 Other general services____..-__-___-____-__ PAS es Eee ey ME pai RD Be 320, 846

dN) Oe ee ee ee ee Ae eee ee el 3, 048, 146

Besides these direct appropriations, the Institution received funds by transfer from other Government agencies as follows:

From the District of Columbia for the National Zoological Park______ $648, 000 From the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, for the PUIG Peeks ASTM SUV CYS eer ee os 8 52, 700 VISITORS

Visitors to the Smithsonian group of buildings during the year reached a record total of 3,895,017, nearly a quarter of a million more than the previous year. April 1955 was the month of largest attend- ance, with 585,916; May 1955 was second, with 551,820; August 1954 third, with 490,035. Largest attendance for a single day was 55,096 for May 7, 1955. Table 1 gives a summary of the attendance records for the five buildings. These figures, when added to the 3,476,584 estimated visitors at the National Zoological Park and 814,932 recorded at the National Gallery of Art, make a total number of visitors at the Smithsonian Institution of 8,186,533.

3870930 —-56—-2

8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Many visiting scientists and scholars from Federal departments, universities, and research organizations all over the world have come to the Smithsonian Institution during the past year. We were espe- cially honored by a visit on November 5, 1954, from Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

TapLe 1.—Visitors to certain Smithsonian buildings during the year ended June 30, 1955

Smithson- | Arts an Natural Year and month jan Build. tar sale History Bee Building Tota ing Building | Building 1954 Julyese = JES tee see 74, 040 230, 332 29, 728 54, 289 9, 505 457, 892 Augtsts: 2.22. 2 Esse heat 88, 610 236, 958 98, 239 61, 231 10, 997 490, 035 September: 24-5 ease eS 48, 842 133, 332 55, 912 34, 721 7, 256 280, 063 October 3- =.= see ee | 37, 042 102, 130 59, 197 25, 835 5, 491 229, 695 INovermber/: 2 222-28 s2aces 31, 748 85, 346 54, 394 25, 976 4, 470 201, 934 Mecember-2-2.-2 =: £253: 5 ee 19, 418 45, 168 32, 915 15, 359 2, 942 115, 802 1955 H Tanilaryee so2 eo ee ee 21, 745 50, 459 44, 924 18, 182 4,305 139, 615 MODEUALY Aes = see nae nae sere ae 26, 674 58, 848 41, 154 19, 15% 4,396 150, 023 Marche case. os ee 22 eee 35, 373 109, 107 60, 722 27, 790 4,734 237, 726 v4 ght eee ee eee ey ee 100, 687 251, 946 129, 425 92, 040 11, 818 585, 916 Ning S22 8 See Eee Sele 104, 462 237, 728 132, 285 65, 849 11, 486 551, 820 JUNO eee 76, 620 206, 963 166, 389 53, 618 10, 906 454, 496 Total=s2 82 See ea 665,261 | 4, 742,317 905, 292 494, 041 88, 306 | 3, 895, 017

A special record was kept during the year of groups of school children visiting the Institution. These figures are given in table 2:

TABLE 2.—Groups of school children visiting the Smithsonian Institution, 1954-55

Manwinnadsmnonth Number of | Number of

groups children

1954 5 55 Aa ee me ME Wee MMT ren oreeee Whee ws 95 2, 986 ASUS Gi eal et lg AR el a er a 91 2, 211 Sepvember so 22 Wes 2 oe De Re eee epee 63 2, 065 Octoberltoniteclh Worn et be, Spray Peer 245 7, 703 November seit ox 20 irre 0 ele NS el leg ae lee 301 9, 958 Decenaberen Lek tis Laie Meee Aes) Lye Oe eee Raper oe Menon 139 3, 829

1956 AITU AT yee ee eh Dn re aoe Sa a's ey ie 201 5, 693 Bébrbarye so 2ceh-elesgte_2 at _ wo ohwra bbe pope 277 8, 415 1 Eo wR peace ey chy ay i iin shoei el IP hal 8, 752 23, 960 ERS Sar Serene Any eS ee eee ee Se ene ee 1, 742 71, 376 Mayath © oft 94 bebe. nedue passe oped DT 2, 468 116, 032 SR UTD Grieg ee ee ce cd ere gig ae 942 33, 967

Be agers Leste edge be 4. pas 7, 516 288, 195

SECRETARY’S REPORT 9

LECTURES

In 1931 the Institution received a bequest from James Arthur, of New York City, a part of. the income from which was to be used for an annual lecture on some aspect of the study of thesun. The twenty- second Arthur lecture was delivered in the auditorium of the Natural History Building on the evening of April 27, 1955, by Sir Harold Spencer Jones, Astronomer Royal of Great Britain. This lecture, on the subject “Solar Activity and Its Terrestrial Effects,” will be published in full in the general appendix of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1955.

Dr. Konrad Z. Lorenz, director of the Research Institute for Com- parative Ethology, Max-Planck Institute, Bulden, Westfalen, Ger- many, delivered a lecture in the auditorium of the Freer Gallery of Art on the evening of November 17, 1954, on “Evolution of Behavior Patterns in Animals.” ‘This was one of a series of lectures that this distinguished foreign scientist delivered in America that season.

Dr. Sumner McKnight Crosby, professor of the history of art at Yale University and curator of medieval art at the Yale Art Gallery, lectured on “Excavations in the Abbey Church at St.-Denis” in the Freer Gallery auditorium on the evening of February 3, 1955, under the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the Archae- ological Institute of America. Dr. Crosby’s lecture was accompanied by a colorful film showing the church as it is today, the technique of excavation, the reconstruction of the earlier buildings, and the important results.

AWARD OF LANGLEY MEDAL

The Langley gold medal, established in 1908 in memory of the late Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley “for specially meritorious investigations in connection with the science of aerodromics and its application to aviation,” was awarded by the Institution on April 14, 1955, to Dr. Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and professor emeritus of aero- nautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Although Dr. Hunsaker is a member of the Smithsonian Board of Regents, he did not know of the award until the presentation was made, at a private reception and dinner held in the great hall of the Smithsonian Building, by the Honorable Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States, acting in his capacity as Chancellor of the Smith- sonian Institution. The occasion also marked the fortieth anniver- sary of the founding of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The citation accompanying the presentation reads as follows:

In recognition of your unique and superlatively important contributions to aeronautics as a distinguished designer of aircraft, as the creator of a great

10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

center for instruction in aeronautical engineering, and as the scientific genius under whose leadership the present-day National Advisory Committee for Aero- nautics has become the world’s greatest scientific aeronautical research organi- zation.

The Langley medal has previously been presented seven times: to Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1910, to Glenn H. Curtiss in 1918, to Gustave Eiffel in 1913, to Col. Charles A. Lindbergh in 1927, to Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd in 1929, to Charles E. Manly (posthumously) in 1929, and to Dr. Joseph S. Ames in 1935.

DR. ABBOT HONORED

Dr. Charles Greeley Abbot, retired Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and one of the nation’s most eminent astrophysicists, was honored by a reception in the great hall of the Smithsonian Building on the afternoon of May 31, 1955—his eighty-third birthday. This also marked the sixtieth anniversary of Dr. Abbot’s association with the Institution. In connection with the occasion, a bronze bust of Dr. Abbot by Alicia Neathery, Washington sculptress, was unveiled. It is now on permanent view in the Smithsonian Building.

FUNDS FOR THE INSTITUTION

At its January 1955 meeting, the Board of Regents gave careful consideration to the problem of what can be done to call public at- tion to the Smithsonian Institution as the beneficiary for large or small gifts of money to advance the “increase and diffusion of knowl- edge” in the areas covered by the Smithsonian. Since that time cer- tain general statements concerning the needs of the Institution have been prepared, and through the kindness of various members of the Board of Regents, the Secretary has had an opportunity to present the need for generous additional endowments to a number of indi- viduals and groups who may be in a position to help the Smithsonian Institution in this important material way. Only a beginning has been made on this program. It is urged that in the present year and in future years everyone interested in the Smithsonian will do every- thing possible to assist in providing substantial increases in the In- stitution’s endowments for general or specific purposes. One of the suggested possibilities is that a single donor or group of donors may wish to present to the people of the United States through the Smith- sonian Institution a memorial museum building for the National Col- lection of Fine Arts and other related materials.

As shown in last year’s report, the Institution continues to receive subventions from Federal agencies and nongovernmental organiza- tions. Work assisted by such grants includes studies and publications in anthropology, zoology, botany, geology, psychology, and the gen-

SECRETARY'S REPORT ee

eral scientific programs of the Institution at Barro Colorado Island. A list of such grants made during the year is given in the Financial Re- port of the Executive Committee, at the end of this report.

BIO-SCIENCES INFORMATION EXCHANGE

By a cooperative arrangement with all branches of the armed forces and with other Federal agencies, the Smithsonian Institution con- tinued to administer the Bio-Sciences Information Exchange under the directorship of Dr. Stella L. Deignan.

The Exchange is charged with the responsibility of “preventing the unknowing duplication of research support by the several Government agencies concerned.” In carrying out this responsibility, it has developed techniques that maintain a rapid interchange of con- cise information on the support of research in the bio-sciences and on its content in both broad and specific subject areas. The Exchange reports that it has been able to supply adequate information in re- sponse to every request it has received from its sponsors. The body of information, at first confined almost entirely to medical research, now contains sizable components in basic biology, psychology, and mental health. An increasingly close liaison with nongovernmental granting agencies has been developed. During 1955 the active proj- ects registered exceeded 9,000, bringing the present total to more than 19,000 projects.

ORGANIZATION AND STAFF

A number of important personnel changes affecting Smithsonian staff members occurred during the year. Loyal B. Aldrich retired on June 380, 1955, after 46 years with the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, since 1945 as its director. In his place Dr. Fred L. Whipple was appointed, effective July 1. At the time of his appointment Dr. Whipple was chairman of the department of astronomy at Harvard University. At the same time, headquarters of the Astrophysical Observatory were changed to Cambridge, Mass., where its astronomers will work in close proximity to Harvard’s pro- gram of solar research. Some administrative and mechanical work will continue in the laboratories and shops of the Astrophysical Ob- servatory in Washington, and the two field observatories in Chile and Table Mountain, Calif., will be maintained.

On September 13, 1954, by transfer from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke assumed the position formerly held by Dr. Edward A. Chapin as curator of insects in the United States National Museum.

John D. Howard, Smithsonian Treasurer, retired effective Decem- ber 31, 1954, and Thomas F. Clark, chief of the fiscal division, was

1 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

named to succeed him. Mr. Clark will also continue as chief of that division.

From time to time the Smithsonian endeavors to recognize the aid and encouragement received from the Institution’s outstanding col- laborators and benefactors by conferring upon such persons honorary status. A new class of such appointments—Fellows of the Smith- sonian Institution—was established during the year, and the first Fel- low to be named was Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, of Marlboro, Mass., in recognition of her generous and important contributions to the Na- tional Museum’s collections of American colonial material and an entire seventeenth-century house.

Other honorary appointments made during the year were as fol- lows: Drs. Robert J. Squier and Robert F. Heizer, both of the Uni- versity of California, as collaborators in connection with the Smith- sonian Institution—National Geographic Society’s archeological ex- pedition to southern Mexico; Dr. Helen Tappan Loeblich, of Wash- ington, D. C., as honorary research associate, with particular reference to her achievements in the field of Cretaceous Foraminifera and her active participation in the work of the National Museum’s depart- ment of geology; Dr. Betty J. Meggers, of Washington, D. C., as honorary research associate in recognition of her close and continuing participation in the scientific work, exhibits, and other activities of the National Museum’s division of archeology; Dr. William J. Tobin, of Washington, D. C., as honorary research associate for his valued scientific contributions and his active participation in the work of the National Museum’s division of physica] anthropology; and Sister Inez M. Hilger, of St. Cloud, Minn., in recognition of her many years of collaboration with the Bureau of American Ethnology and her valued contributions to the study of the American Indian.

SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTION

National Museum.—The year saw a large increase in numbers of specimens added to the Museum collections, due to receipt of several million fossil foraminiferans from Europe. In all, approximately 7,600,000 specimens were received, bringing the total catalog entries in the National Museum to 42,864,645. Some of the year’s outstand- ing accessions included: In anthropology, a wood, cloth, and basketry figure of a human being recovered from a Peruvian grave (A. D. 1100), ethnological objects from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Ethiopia, and an entire 2-story, 4-room colonial house from Massachusetts; in zoology, collections of mammals from Korea, Pakistan, and Panama, birds from Panama, large collections of fishes from the Gilbert Islands, Liberia, and the southeastern United States, the W. M. Mann collec- tion of ants, 3,200 polychaete worms, mostly from New England, and

SECRETARY'S REPORT i

400 corals from the Great Barrier Reef; in botany, plant collections from Mexico, Central and South America, and Iraq; in geology, sev- eral gifts of rare minerals and gems, 35 specimens of meteorites, 2,000 Silurian and Devonian fossils, from Canada, about 3,500,000 mounted foraminiferan specimens, 600 rare Paleocene and Eocene mammals from Wyoming, and about 750 otoliths of Eocene teleostean fishes from England; in engineering and industries, an early Curtis steam turbine, the Dodrill-GMR mechanical heart, and important electro- cardiograph equipment; and in history, much desirable material needed to complete the settings for the First Ladies Hall, including the loan of a piano used in the White House during the administration of John Quincy Adams.

Members of the staif conducted fieldwork in Ecuador, Mexico, the Belgian Congo, Panama, the Caribbean, and many parts of the United States. Several studied collections in other museums in America and in Europe.

In the Museum’s program of exhibit modernization, two new halls were formally opened to the public during the year—the First Ladies Hall and the American Indian Hall. Construction work was begun on the hall depicting colonial life in North America, and the renova- tion of the hall devoted to birds saw good progress.

Bureau of American Hthnology.—The Bureau staff continued their researches in archeology and ethnology: Dr. Stirling his Panamanian studies, Dr. Collins his archeological work in the Canadian Arctic, and Dr. Drucker his field researches of the La Venta culture in Mexico. Dr. Roberts continued as Director of the River Basin Surveys.

Astrophysical Observatory.—Solar radiation studies were con- tinued at the Observatory’s two field observing stations—Montezuma in northern Chile and Table Mountain in southern California. Vol- ume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory was published in July 1954. Cooperative work with the U. S. Weather Bureau was continued. In the division of radiation and organisms studies were made on the photocontrol of the processes of plant growth and on the mechanism of action of the plant hormone auxin in the control of growth.

National Collection of Fine Arts—The Smithsonian Art Commis- sion met on December 7, 1954, and accepted two oil paintings for the National Collection of Fine Arts, one oil painting of President Kisen- hower for the National Portrait Gallery, and one pastel for the Smithsonian Institution. The Gallery sponsored 14 special exhibi- tions during the year. The Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Serv- ice circulated 68 exhibitions, 57 in the United States and 11 abroad.

Freer Gallery of Art——Purchases for the Freer Gallery collections included Chinese bronzes, lacquerwork, paintings, and pottery; Per-

14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

sian jade, metalwork, and paintings; Japanese lacquerwork, paintings, and pottery; Indian paintings; Iraqi illustrated manuscript; and Turkish pottery. The first number of Ars Orientalis was published during the year. The Gallery sponsored again a series of illustrated lectures by distinguished scholars on various phases of Oriental art.

National Air Museum.—By the end of the year the task of moving the Museum’s stored materials from Park Ridge, U1., to Suitland, Md., was virtually completed. The Museum participated in celebrating the fortieth anniversary of the founding of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a feature of which was the awarding of the Langley medal to Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker. Added to the aero- nautical collections during the year were 117 specimens in 31 separate accessions, including the midget racing airplane Buster (formerly named Chief Oshkosh), built in 1931 and flown in more than 50 races. Nearly 22,000 photographs pertaining to aeronautics were added to the Museum’s library of reference materials during the year.

National Zoological Park.—The Zoo accessioned 2,347 individual animals during the year, and 1,917 were removed by death, exchange, or return to depositors, The net count of animals at the close of the year was 3,410. Noteworthy among the accessions were a pair of baby gorillas, several young chimpanzees, and two Goeldi’s marmo- sets; emperor, Adelie, and Humboldt’s penguins; two examples of the rare Mona Island iguana and a horn-nosed iguana; and a domestic donkey. In all, 280 creatures were born or hatched at the Zoo during the year—77 mammals, 141 birds, and 62 reptiles. Visitors totaled approximately 3,476,000.

Canal Zone Biological Area.—More than 600 visitors came to Barro Colorado Island during the year; 43 of these were scientists who used the facilities of the station to further their various researches, par- ticularly in biology and photography.

International Exchange Service—As the United States official agency for the exchange of governmental, scientific, and literary pub- lications between this country and other nations, the International Exchange Service handled during the year 1,146,972 packages of such publications, weighing 812,960 pounds—slightly more than last year. Consignments were made to all countries except China, North Korea, Outer Mongolia, the Communist-controlled areas of Viet Nam and Laos, and the Haiphong Enclave.

National Gallery of Art.—The Gallery received 842 accessions dur- ing the year, by gift, loan, or deposit. Gifts included paintings by Stuart, Raeburn, Renoir, Romney, R. Peale, Pater, Blake, Carriera, and Goya; sculptures by Renoir, Ward, and Daumier; and about 400 prints. Six special exhibits were held, and 138 traveling exhibitions of prints from the Rosenwald Collection were circulated to other gal-

SECRETARY’S REPORT 15

leries and museums. Exhibitions from the “Index of American Design” were given 60 bookings in 20 States and the District of Columbia. About 41,000 persons attended the Gallery’s “Picture of the Week” talks, and, 10,000 persons attended the 44 Sunday lec- tures in the auditorium. The Sunday evening concerts in the west and east garden courts were continued.

Library.—A. total of 71,179 publications were received by the Smithsonian library during the year. Approximately 650 new ex- changes were arranged. More than 150 individual donors sent gifts of desirable books and periodicals. At the close of the year the hold- ings of the Smithsonian library and all its branches aggregated 951,409 volumes, including 585,592 in the Smithsonian Deposit in the Library of Congress but excluding incomplete volumes of serials and many thousands of reprints and separates from serials.

Publications —Seventy publications were issued under the Smith- sonian imprint during the year (see Report on Publications, p. 160, for full list). Outstanding among these were “The Material Cul- ture of Pueblo Bonito,” by Neil M. Judd; “The Black Flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Guatemala and Their Role as Vectors of Onchocer- ciasis,” by Herbert T. Dalmat; “Check List of North American Recent Mammals,” by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and Remington Kellogg; “Frogs of Southeastern Brazil,” by Doris M. Cochran; “The Horse in Black- foot Indian Culture,” by John C. Ewers; “A Ceramic Study of Vir- ginia Archeology,” by Clifford Evans; Volume 7 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory; “Masters of the Air,” by Glenn O. Blough; and Volume 1 of the new series Ars Orientalis. In all, 428,286 pieces of printed matter were distributed during the year— 192,108 copies of publications and 226,178 miscellaneous items.

Report on the United States National Museum

Sm: I have the honor to submit the following report on the con- dition and operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955:

COLLECTIONS

During the year 7,596,646 specimens were added to the national col- lections and distributed among the six departments as follows: An- thropology, 34,450; zoology, 363,500; botany, 58,526; geology, 7,- 056,121; engineering and industries, 5,609; and history, 78,440. This increase is markedly greater than last year and results from the col- lection in Europe during the year of several million minute fossils known as Foraminifera. The other accessions for the most part were received as gifts from individuals or as transfers from Government departments and agencies. The Annual Report of the Museum, pub- lished as a separate document, contains a detailed list of the year’s accessions, of which the more important are summarized below. Cat- alog entries in all departments now total 42,864,645.

Anthropology.—aA unique gift to the division of archeology was a figure of a human being made from wood, cloth, and basketry, re- covered from a grave along the central coast of Peru and dating from about A. D. 1100. This unusual object was presented by Mrs. Vir- ginia Morris Pollak as a gift from the Arther Morris Collection. A series of large archeological collections taken from excavation projects in various parts of the Missouri Basin has been transferred to the Museum by the River Basin Surveys. A willow-splint figure of a quadruped, probably prehistoric, from a cave in Grand Canyon, was presented by Dr. J. D. Jennings, University of Utah.

The division of ethnology received from Ralph Solecki numerous ethnological objects which he collected from his native employees and their relatives among the Shirwani Kurds of Kurdistan while he was conducting archeological work in Iraq. Also accessioned were 28 items of Afghan material culture, consisting of pottery, basketry, weaving, and quilted clothing, a Khyber knife, and Mohammedan cult objects, collected in 1954 by the donor, Miss May Wilder, from villagers and country folk in Afghanistan. Another gift was a well- documented collection of 384 miscellaneous ethnographical specimens

16

SECRETARY’S REPORT 1k7

from the Anuak, a Sudanese tribe living in the environs of the Akobo River, collected by the donor, Miss Joan Yilek, prior to 1953 at Pokwo, Ethiopia, while she was stationed there as a missionary. Most extraordinary was the gift by Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood of Marlboro, Mass., of an entire 2-story, 4-room house built in Everett, Mass., in 1678. The hand-hewn timbers of this early American home were dismanteled and reassembled for future exhibition. W. Dan Quattlebaum, Pasadena, Calif., presented two outstanding examples of eighteenth-century glass, consisting of an engraved glass bowl blown in 1789 at John Frederick Amelung’s New Bremen Glassworks in Frederick County, Md., and a decanter of about 1795 bearing an engraved American eagle.

The division of physical anthropology had an opportunity through collaborative studies to restore a badly crushed human skull that had been recovered by Dr. Fred Wendorf near Midland, Tex. This skull was found associated with Folsom-type projectile points. Dr. T. Dale Stewart, curator of physical anthropology, who restored the skull, arranged with Dr. F. J. McClure, of the National Institute of Dental Research, to test the skull and associated Pleistocene animal bones for the amount of fluorine. On the basis of these tests and the excavation record, its age is considered to be about 12,000 years.

Zoology.—The armed forces research teams operating in various parts of the world continued to make major contributions to the mam- mal collections. Specimens of Korean mammals, including the Mu- seum’s first collection from Quelpart Island, were transferred through the Hemorrhagic Fever Commission from the Army Medical Service Graduate School. A transfer from Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 at Cairo included about 350 specimens from Egypt and the Sudan. The U.S. Army, through the 25th Preventive Medicine Sur- vey Detachment, transferred a collection of specimens obtained by Capt. Gordon Field and C. M. Keenan in Panama and the Canal Zone. Dr. Robert K. Enders contributed three separate collections of small mammals from Pakistan, the Island of Saipan in the Marianas, and Wyoming. An especially fine collection of dog and wolf skulls was included among specimens excavated from an aboriginal site on Southampton Island by Dr. Henry B. Collins, Bureau of American Ethnology, on the National Geographic Society-Smithsonian Institu- tion-National Museum of Canada Expedition.

Most noteworthy among the accessions recorded by the division of birds was a gift of 1,255 bird skins from the “Benson Grubstakers” (a group of young men living in Panama who are interested in nat- ural history) and the Panama Canal Natural History Society. A gift from Maj. Gen. G. R. Meyer of 119 sets of eggs with full data, largely from the Canal Zone, added important information to that

18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

already available on the breeding dates of Panamanian birds. A de- posit made by the Smithsonian Institution comprised 959 skins, 54 skeletons, 2 alcoholic specimens, and 1 set of eggs collected by Dr. A. Wetmore. ‘The National Geographic Society presented a geographic- ally important collection of 131 birds obtained in French Equatorial Africa by Walter A. Weber.

A considerable number of valuable herpetological specimens were accessioned as gifts: A type and 18 paratypes of a new species of frog taken in Jamaica by Dr. W. Gardner Lynn; 119 reptiles and amphib- ians from Virginia, including a type and paratypes of a new species of salamander, from Richard L. Hoffman; 8 reptiles from Puttur, Chit- toor District, South India, including a genus and three species not for- merly contained in the Museum collection, presented by Rev. Erwin Chell. A transfer from the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 at Cairo, yielded 390 Egyptian reptiles and amphibians.

The largest collection of fishes received during the year consisted of 2,341 specimens from fresh-water streams in the southeastern United States collected for the Museum by Dr. Ernest A. Lachner and Frank J. Schwartz. Another large gift was composed of 1,818 reef fishes collected in the Gilbert Islands by the donor, John Randall. Addi- tional gifts included the holotype of a new scorpaenid fish from the eastern Pacific from John KE. Fitch; and the holotype of a new Mono- centiis from Mas-a-Tierra Island from Dr. Edwyn P. Reed, Valpa- raiso, Chile. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service transferred to the Museum. the most important Atlantic collection received in several years consisting of 983 fishes obtained by George C. Miller in Liberia. Through exchanges with other institutions the Museum received 6 paratypes of cyprinids from Mexico through Dr. José Alvarez, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolégicas; the paratype of a frogfish from the Chicago Natural History Museum through Loren P. Woods; and 3 paratypes of a Mexican catfish from the Instituto Mexicano de Re- cursos Naturales Renovables, through Dr. Jorge Caranza.

One of the most valuable acquisitions of insects received was the W. M. Mann collection consisting of 136,288 specimens of which over 116,000 are ants. Approximately 700 types and hundreds of species of ants from many areas in the world not previously represented in Washington were included in this group. Among the important trans- fers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture was the 8. W. Bromley collection of well over 85,000 insect specimens. This accession, rich in material representative of the dipterous family Asilidae, places the Museum high on the list of institutions possessing extensive col- lections of these flies. Another transfer included 34,258 entomologi- cal specimens from the Department’s Laboratory of Forest Insects, New Haven, Conn. Over 9,000 medically important black flies were

SECRETARY’S REPORT 19

received as a transfer from the U. S. Department of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare. ,

Two notable gifts gréatly enhanced the collection of polychaete worms maintained by the division of marine invertebrates; 3,645 specimens, mostly from New England, including 3 holotypes and 3 paratypes, from Dr. Marian Pettibone, University of New Hampshire, and more than 200 identified specimens from the Gold Coast, Africa, received from the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, through Dr. L. B. Holthuis. Twelve lots of octocorals were received from His Imperial Majesty’s collections, laboratory of the Imperial Household, Tokyo, Japan. Other noteworthy gifts to the collections were 7 remarkable fossil sea-pens presented by H. G. Kugler, Pointe: a-Pierre, Trinidad, and 3 large balanoglossid worms from Grand Isle, La., given by Dr. Harry J. Bennett, Louisiana State University. Three exchanges from Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F., Universidad Nacional A. de México, netted 54 isopod and decapod crustaceans, of which 34 were paratype specimens. Among the transfers was one from the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, which included more than 1,019 crustaceans and other invertebrates collected in the Gulf of Mexico by the exploratory fishing vessel Oregon under the direction of Stewart Springer.

The division of mollusks received types of seven new species of nudibranch mollusks described and presented by J. M. Ostergaard. Thirty-four specimens of gastropods from the Gulf of Mexico, includ- ing the types of three new species, were donated by Daniel Steger. As in the past, Jeanne S. Schwengel gave many fine specimens to the Museum, including a specimen of the rare cowrie, Cypraca armeniaca, from South Australia. Of the year’s five accessions of helminths two are worthy of special mention because they brought types of two new species, Onchocotyle somniosi, a trematode, described by the donor, Dr. David Causey, and Gigantobilharzia huttoni presented by the author, Dr. W. Henry Leigh.

The most important accession of corals comprises 400 specimens from the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland, Australia, collected and donated by Dr. John W. Wells, Cornell University.

Botany —Two significant collections were obtained for the Museum by staff members: 2,850 specimens, largely grasses, in the states of San Luis Potosi and Chiapas, Mexico, collected by Dr. Ernest R. Sohns, and 3,445 specimens from Big Pine Key, Fla., and Isle of Pines, Cuba, obtained by E. P. Killip, research associate.

Among the numerous collections received as gifts, with names re- quested, one is especially noteworthy, 588 plants from the Herbario “Barbosa Rodrigues,” Itajaf, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The Ohio State University presented 4,084 plants of Guatemala collected by W. A.

20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Kellerman many years ago, including numerous historically impor- tant specimens. E. ©. Leonard of the department staff donated his private herbarium consisting of approximately 9,300 specimens ac- cumulated over a period of many years.

Transfers from other Government agencies yielded several fine col- lections: From the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 983 specimens collected by Richard Evans Schultes in Colombia; 5,066 specimens collected in India, Afghanistan, and Iran by Walter Koelz; and a historic set of 575 central European crypto- gams, the Kryptogamae Germaniae Exsiccatae. From the U. S. Geological Survey, 1,360 plants of Alaska with a request for identifi- cations; and 1,105 plants of Micronesia collected by F. R. Fosberg. The National Research Council, through the Pacific Science Board, transferred 532 plants of the Caroline Islands collected by S. F. Glassman.

Important exchanges included 2,009 plants of Mexico, Central America, and South America, from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia collected by the late F. W. Pennell.

Geology.—Outstanding gifts to the mineral] collections are examples of the rare minerals hurlburtite and bismutotantalite from Prof. E. Tavora; rare iron and manganese phosphates from Finland from Dr. Mary Mrose; a superb specimen of crystallized wolframite from Korea from ©. S. Whetzel; the rare uranium mineral kasolite, Hahns Peak, Colo., from C. R. Reddington; and a combination of the rare minerals schallerite and hedyphane, Franklin, N. J., from J. S. Albanese.

Included in the exhibition material added to the Roebling collection were a group of large flawless axinite crystals of smoky lavender color on actinolite from Madera County, Calif., a large benitoite crystal in neptunite from San Benito County, Calif., and a bastnaesite crystal from Madagascar weighing 11 pounds. A mass of native lead weighing 80 pounds is one of the largest masses of this rare mineral found at Langban, Sweden. A sharp dodecahedral crystal of grossularite of an unusual pink color is one of the largest crystals of this mineral known.

Among the outstanding exhibition specimens added to the Canfield collection were a rich nodule of precious turquoise from the mines at Villa Grove, Colo., a rare group of tourmaline crystals of bronze-green color from Brazil, and a fine exhibition group of apophyllite on prehn- ite from a newly discovered occurrence near Centreville, Va.

Gifts to the gem collection included a pink pearl from East Pak- istan presented by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali, and an outstanding collection from W. F. Ingram, of 33 cut tourmalines weighing 118 carats, selected to show the color range

SECRETARY’S REPORT Pris

of this gem stone. An uncommon specimen received for the ore collection was the limb bone of a dinosaur partially replaced by unarinite, from the eevee Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. through T. O. Evans.

During the past year Dr. ‘si H. Perry donated 35 specimens of meteorites. Among them was a stone of the Sylacauga fall, weighing 1,682 grams. Another individual of this fall became celebrated as the first known case of a meteorite striking a person.

The support of the Walcott fund again permitted staff members to obtain important accessions in invertebrate paleontology and paleo- botany. Specimens numbering 15,000 of Paleozoic invertebrates were collected by Dr. G. A. Cooper and Robert Main, and a very large group of Mesozoic and Tertiary Foraminifera from the classic local- ities of Europe was obtained by Drs. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan Loeblich.

Particular mention is made of the gift of 2,000 specimens of Silurian and Devonian fossils from little-known areas in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec, received from Dr. Arthur Boucot, and 800 Trias- sic invertebrate fossils from the Italian Alps from Dr. Franco Ra- setti. Important foraminiferal donations included 275 type speci- mens from the Cretaceous rocks of Cuba and ‘Trinidad presented by Dr. P. Bronnimann, and 320 slides of type Recent Foraminifera and 305 foraminiferal slides from the North Atlantic from Dr. Fred Phleger. Another very valuable gift presented by Drs. A. R. Loeb- lich, Jr., and Helen Tappan Loeblich consisted of 1,000 micro-samples and 3,500,000 specimens of mounted Foraminifera with many types from the Cretaceous of Texas.

Through the income of the Walcott fund a collection of about 600 specimens of rare Paleocene and Eocene mammals was obtained by Dr. C. L. Gazin and F. L. Pearce from southern Wyoming. Of par- ticular interest were an excellent skull and some skeletal material of the large pantodont mammal Coryphodon and two well-preserved skulls of the condylarth mammal MMeniscothertwn. Under the same fund Dr. D. H. Dunkle collected fossil fish and reptile remains from Devonian, Triassic, and Cretaceous rocks of Utah, Idaho, and Wyo- ming. An outstanding gift was a nearly complete skull of the large saber-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis collected from the Pleistocene de- posits of Texas by George Klett and presented to the Museum through James E. Conkin. A remarkable collection of about 750 otoliths of teleostean fishes from the Eocene lower Barton beds of Hampshire, England, representing 22 genera and 28 species, was given by Dr. F.C. Stinton.

Engineering and Industries.—A turbine reputed to be the first built by Charles Curtis, America’s best-known pioneer steam-turbine in-

22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

ventor, was presented by the Stevens Institute of Technology. Origi- nal radio apparatus was received from the widow of Edwin Arm- strong, comprising his regenerative receiver made about 1912, three superheterodyne receivers, a superregenerative circuit, and what is considered the oldest surviving frequency-modulation receiver.

The Dodrill-GMR mechanical heart, the first to be used successfully for the complete bypass of the human heart during surgery, was pre- sented by the General Motors Corporation through C. L. McCuen of the Research Laboratories Division. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research gave the first Kinthoven string galvanometer made in the United States for an electrocardiograph. This was made in 1914 by Charles F. Hindle for Dr. Alfred E. Cohn. The electro- cardiograph used by Dr. Frank E. Wilson, a pioneer in the field of electrocardiography, was presented by the University of Michigan.

Several hundred drawings, mostly of the details of early Bessemer- process steel plants made by the distinguished engineer Alexander Lyman Holley, were the gift of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

An elaborately carved roller cotton gin from India was received from Mrs. Stanley M. Walker. A pink brocaded taffeta christening blanket, known to have been used in 1827, was presented by Faith Bradford, and a commemorative linen, “We Offer Peace, Ready for War,” was given in the name of Sibyl Avery Perkins, deceased, by her daughter, Mrs. Robert C. Johnson, Jr.

An unusual board section of curly yellow buckeye showing beautiful blue stain markings was presented by Ray E. Cottrell of the Wood Collectors Society. Fifty microscope mounts of woods of the family Celastraceae were received from John A. Boole, Jr., and 20 woods and 20 corresponding mounts of the genus Garrya, through Prof. J. E. Adams, from the University of North Carolina.

A linoleum block print, “Le Coup de Vent,” by Felix Vallotton (1865-1925), an important figure in the revival of the woodcut, was purchased through the Dahlgreen fund.

Two etchings by Giovanni Baptista Piranesi (1720-1778), “Veduta del Palazzo dell’ Academia” and “Veduta sul Monte Quirinale del Palazzo Eccelentissima,” were received as Smithsonian Institution deposits. Eight etchings illustrating Homer’s Odyssey, by the well- known Polish artist Sigmund Lipinsky (1873-1940), were presented by Mrs. Elinita K. Burgess Lipinsky.

History—aA very interesting specimen received in the division of civil history was a piano used in the White House during the adminis- tration of President John Quincy Adams. This piano, on loan from the Juilliard School of Music in New York, is a very early one of American make, bearing the type of label used between 1822 and 1829 by Alphaeus Babcock who worked in Boston.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 23

A large collection of vases, andirons, and other ornamental pieces donated by Mrs. W. Murray Crane of New York City helped to com- plete the exhibition of almost every setting in the First Ladies Hall. As a loan the Museum received from B. Woodruff Weaver two gold sofas which were missing from the White House suite of furniture previously acquired. ‘These sofas were sold at auction by the White House in 1902 to a private party. They were purchased by the Barnes family of Washington.

Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower presented the gloves, evening purse, jewelry, and slippers that she wore with her inaugural dress. ‘These accessories complement this unit for exhibition. ‘Two fans and a blue- and-white Chinese porcelain vase belonging to Mrs. Herbert Hoover were presented by Mrs. Herbert Hoover, Jr. A hickory walking stick, inlaid in silver and bearing the name of Abraham Lincoln, was given by Samuel J. Prescott.

A gift to the division of military history from Joseph Cummings Chase contained 79 portraits of World War I officers and enlisted men, and one portrait of an enlisted man in service during the Korean conflict.

Outstanding among the accessions in the division of numismatics was the gift from Mrs, William D. (Gorgas) Wrightson, comprising 43 award medals and decorations given to Dr. William Crawford Gorgas, 1854-1920, Sanitation Engineer fer the Panama Canal Com- mission and later Surgeon General of the United States.

The Post Office Department continued as the principal means where- by the philatelic collections are kept up to date, forwarding one speci- men of each new stamp distributed by the Universal Postal Union. Three shipments of approximately 3,000 stamps were transferred. The Treasury Department through the cooperation of T. Coleman Andrews, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, transferred an addi- tional 49,642 specimens of United States revenue stamps and proofs.

Among gifts from private donors, especial mention is made of two additional collections of great value from Ernest Lowenstein. One collection comprised four volumes of Honduras airmails, replete with rarities, and the other consisted of a 3-volume collection of Paraguay airmails.

EXPLORATION, FIELDWORK, AND RELATED TRAVEL

During November 1954, Frank M. Setzler, head curator, department of anthropology, and C. Malcolm Watkins, associate curator, division of ethnology, excavated a number of test pits at Marlborough Point, Stafford County, Va., to obtain evidence of the former location of houses, taverns, and industries of this long-abandoned colonial town. The acquisition of such information will supplement existing knowl-

370930—56——3

24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

edge of the origins of Virginia and its subsequent influence in the settlement of the country west of the Allegheny Mountains.

From August 15 to August 30, 1954, Dr. Clifford Evans, associate curator, division of archeology, examined collections at Belém and Rio de Janeiro and attended as official delegate the 31st International Congress of Americanists at Sao Paulo, Brazil. New acquisitions in the Museo National and the Museo de Anthropologia at Lima and the Regional Museum at Cuzco, Peru, were examined during the first week of September. Archeological investigations involving strati- graphic technique and survey were undertaken from September 8 to November 1, 1954, in the Guayas Basin, Guayaquil, Ecuador, to estab- lish sufficient evidence to evaluate the previously collected materials in the museum of Sr. Emilio Estrada.

The study of early Virginia pottery in the collections of the National Park Service at Jamestown and Williamsburg by C. M. Watkins, asso- ciate curator, division of ethnology, was continued during March and April 1955. Mr. Watkins also made two trips to New England and New York to obtain materials and data for incorporation in the Cultural History Hall.

Dr. Waldo R. Wedel, curator, division of archeology, was detailed to represent the U. S. National Museum in conferences with River Basin Surveys personnel at Lincoln, Nebr., relative to the division of archeological specimens collected in the Missouri River Basin since 1946. Specimens from important archeological and historical sites in North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming have been re- ceived on the basis of the arrangements concluded at Lincoln, and other needed material from Montana, Wyoming, and Kansas will be forwarded for incorporation in the national collections.

From September 20, 1954, to January 21, 1955, Dr. T. D. Stewart, curator, division of physical anthropology, was detailed to the Army Graves Registration Service to conduct research on skeletal aging of American war casualties returned from North Korea at the 8204th A. U., Jono Area, Kukura, Kyushu, Japan. Since in all instances the age at death is known, it will be possible when analysis of these records is completed to set up more accurate standards for determining the age of unidentified skeletons.

Dr. Ernest R. Sohns, associate curator, division of grasses, con- ducted botanical fieldwork in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, from August 29 to October 16, 1954. Grasses were collected in the Sierra de Alvarez, Sierra de San Miguelito, Sierra de Cuates, Sierra de Guadalcazar, Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra de Catorce, and Sierra de Mexiquitic, as well as at intermediate localities. At the request of Dr. Juan Leonard, general secretary, EK] Centro de Investigaciones Antropolégicas de México, Dr. Sohns was detailed to accompany

SECRETARY’S REPORT 25

an expedition to the unexplored region of southeast Chiapas, near Lake Miramar, for the purpose of participating in a coordinated exploratory program. Fieldwork was carried on from March 15 to April 1, 1955, and some 648 botanical specimens were obtained.

The last five days in December 1954 were devoted by Dr. Robert P. Multhauf, curator, division of engineering, to the inspection of dis- play and lighting techniques in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the International Business Machines Co., for utilization where suitable in the Power Hall. The collections of the Henry Ford Museum in the fields of power machin- ery, electrical apparatus, machine tools, and transportation were ex- amined late in March 1955, and the Edison Institute in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Mich., was visited. Dr. Multhauf also represented the Smithsonian Institution at the 75th anniversary meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers during June 1955.

George Griffenhagen, associate curator, division of medicine and public health, in January 1955 consulted with representatives of Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J., relative to a proposed vitamin exhibit. In February 1955 he inspected the Apothecaries Hall in the Charleston (S. C.) Museum, La Pharmacie Francaise and the Cabildo (State Historical Museum) at New Orleans, La., to examine the types of early pharmaceutical equipment, the materia medica collections, and archival records. During June 1955 he inspected a number of pharma- ceutical and medical exhibits housed in institutions in New York and Philadelphia. All these visits were made to obtain suggestions and assistance in the planning of the Hall of Health.

Edward C. Kendall, associate curator, division of crafts and in- dustries, during the last week of September and the early part of October 1954, visited a number of New England museums, chiefly at Hartford, Worcester, Salem, Durham, Boston, Burlington, Benning- ton, Ithaca, and Corning, to examine handicraft tools, agricultural implements, and historical materials.

Grace L. Rogers, assistant curator, crafts and industries, during December 1954 visited the Henry Ford Museum at Greenfield Village, Mich., to obtain detailed data relative to textile machines, particularly the Scholfield wool-carding machine, and the sewing machines, as well as to inspect the exhibition and storage techniques for textile fabrics. She also observed exhibition techniques at the Detroit Insti- tute of Arts and the Detroit Historical Museum. During the first week of March 1955 Miss Rogers examined the collection of textile machinery at Old Slater Mill, Pawtucket, R. I., historical papers on the Rhode Island Historical Society at Providence, the textile collec- tion in the Rhode Island School of Design, the handwoven textiles in the Essex Institute at Salem, and the collections of the Connecticut

26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Valley Historical Society and Old Sturbridge Village for ideas ap- plicable to the improvement of our textile exhibits.

Jacob Kainen, curator, division of graphic arts, made a critical study of six color prints made in 1744 by John Baptist Jackson in the print department of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to determine the number of wood blocks used in making the prints, and gathered additional data for the descriptive catalog of Jackson’s color prints.

A survey of the paleobotanical materials in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, including specimens formerly exhibited, was made by Dr. G. A. Cooper, curator, division of inverte- brate paleontology and paleobotany, in November 1954. During April 1955 Dr. Cooper obtained collections of invertebrate fossils from the Porterfield Quarry near Saltville, Va., and from the reef and interreef beds at Blacksburg, Va. <A short field trip, financed by the income from the Walcott bequest, was made by Dr. Cooper during May 1955, when invertebrate fossils were collected from the Middle Devonian near Hamilton, N. Y., and from Ordovician rocks north and east of Utica, N. Y. During June 1955, he studied the prepara- tion techniques and the displays of fossil marine invertebrates in the Museum of the University of Michigan and the Chicago Natural History Museum. The Laudon collection at the University of Wis- consin was examined and conferences were held with Dr. A. K. Miller of the State University of Iowa on problems related to the stratigraphy of the Permian of the Glass Mountains in Texas.

The rather poor representation in the national collections of Foraminifera from the Miocene deposits of northern Florida and from the upper and lower Cretaceous of Texas and Oklaboma was ma- terially improved by fieldwork undertaken by Dr. A. R. Loeblich, associate curator, division of invertebrate paleontology, and Prof. Eugenia Montanaro Gallitelli of the University of Modena, Italy, during January 1955 under the Walcott fund. From April 24 to May 12, 1955, Dr. Loeblich was engaged in making a reconnaissance collection of Foraminifera from nearly every major stratigraphic level on Trinidad Island and in studying faunal assemblages in the geological laboratory of Trinidad Leasehold, Ltd.

Dr. David Nicol, associate curator, division of invertebrate paleontology, examined pelecypod material, particularly Conocardi- wm, in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Comparative Zoology during late December 1954.

Under the income of the Walcott bequest, Dr. D. H. Dunkle, associ- ate curator, division of vertebrate paleontology, was engaged in field- work from July 24 to September 12, 1954. Prospecting in the ex- posures of Middle Cretaceous Mowry shale south of Cody, Wyo., was carried on for 12 days, and he then proceeded to Logan, Utah, for

SECRETARY’S REPORT 27

collecting in the Lower Devonian Water Canyon formation. After five days in this area, Dr. Dunkle moved his camp and obtained an extremely important collection of marine Lower Triassic fishes from the Woodside formation in Paris Canyon. Subsequently the occur- rences of fossil fishes in‘the upper half of the Triassic Chinle forma- tion in Big Indian Wash near Monticello, Colo., were investigated. On the return trip to Washington stops were made at Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk exposures at Sharon Springs, Oakley, and near Hays, Kans., to ascertain the possibility of securing needed ma- terials for the exhibition program. Museum officials of the University of Oklahoma were consulted relative to the possibility of acquiring an exhibition specimen of the large pelycosaurian reptile Cotylorhynchus.

Inasmuch as additional fish display material is needed for the lower vertebrate hall now in the planning stage, Dr. Dunkle, assisted by Don Guadagni, exhibits preparator, proceeded by Museum truck on May 18, 1955, from Washington to western Kansas. Enroute arrange- ments for the exchange of European fossil fishes were completed with the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, and a small collection of fish re- mains was made in excavations in the Upper Devonian along the new Ohio Turnpike right-of-way. On arrival at Hays, Kans., George F. Sternberg guided the party to the Havertield Ranch in southwestern Gove County where camp was established. Collections of fish were obtained from exposures of the Smoky Hill member of the Niobrara formation.

Through the generosity of Dr. Stuart H. Perry, of Adrian, Mich., in providing travel funds, E. P. Henderson, associate curator, division of mineralogy and petrology, was enabled to examine the meteorite collections of the British Museum (Natural History) at London, as well as those at the universities of Bonn and Munich in Germany. More than 450 meteorites were reviewed at the Institute de Mineralogie et Petrographie, Université de Strasbourg, France. At Vienna, Aus- tria, he examined the meteorite collection in the Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, which is regarded as the best in Europe. He devoted approximately a week to the examination of the collection of the Lab- oratorido Astrofisico, Castel Gondolfo, Specola Vaticana, near Rome, Italy, and subsequently examined the meteorites housed in the Mu- séum National d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris, France, and those not represented in our national collections were listed. This trip covered the period from August 20 to October 30, 1954.

The generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Bredin, of Greenville, Del., enabled the Smithsonian Institution to undertake a field investigation of the plant mites and other types of the smaller animal life of central Africa. The field party, which assembled at Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, April 8-11, 1955, consisted of Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, head

28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

curator of zoology, leader of the expedition, Dr. Kdward W. Baker, acarologist, on detail from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Roy Lyman Sexton, physician, of Washington, D. C., as medical consultant and photographer, assisted by his son, Roy Lyman Sexton, Jr., as microphotographic specialist. Traveling by auto and truck, except for a short plane flight from Leopoldville to Stanleyville, they spent some 50 days in the Belgian Congo and the mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi; 4 days in Uganda on the way to the head of navi- gation on the Nile at Juda; and 19 days in the Sudan and Egypt, the descent of the Nile being made by steamer and by train around the cataracts. The expedition concluded its travel at Cairo on June 17, 1955, the collections having been forwarded by train from Kampala, Uganda, to the port of Mombassa, British East Africa, for shipment to Washington. Through the courtesy of the Institute des Parcs Nationaux in Brussels and particularly its president, Dr. Victor van Straelen, permission was given for photographing many of the larger big-game mammals inhabiting the Garamba, Albert, and Kagera Na- tional Parks on the route of the expedition. Scientifically profitable visits were made also to the leading goological, medical, and agricul- tural research stations operated by the government, including those at Leopoldville, Yangambi, Nioka, Lwiro, and Bukavu.

At the end of December 1954, Dr. Alexander Wetmore, research associate, returned to Panama to continue the ornithological survey of the Republic. Until late in January he was located at the Juan Mina field station of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory for Tropical Medi- cine on the Rio Chagres, a short distance below Madden Dam, an area on the Caribbean drainage, which, through the formation of Gattin Lake, has become especially favorable for birds that choose a fresh- water habitat, as well as those that frequent forest.

Late in January, accompanied by Mrs. Wetmore, Dr. Wetmore drove by jeep to El Volcan in the mountains of western Chiriqui to remain until the end of March. The Finca Palo Santo of Don Pablo Brackney was again made available for a base, and from here he worked into the lower Temperate Zone on Cerro Picacho on the Con- tinental Divide and also covered the lower and middle slopes of the great Chiriqui Volcano. In February the party located at the finca of Alois Hartmann at Santa Clara, visited also last year, and from here it was possible, through use of a jeep, to make valuable collections across to the Panamanian-Costa Rican frontier near E] Sereno. Here the forest on the Panamanian side still remains only on the hills and in the steeper valleys, as in the more accessible areas timber has been cut. Studies made later from the small settlement of Cerro Punta, located at 6,100 feet elevation toward the Continental Divide, were especially interesting since this place gave access to high, heavily

SECRETARY’S REPORT 29

forested valleys in the true Temperate Zone. Here quetzals, jays, and a variety of little-known, high-mountain birds ranged through trees grown heavily with-moss and dense undergrowth constantly wet from misty rain. Morning temperatures ranged down to 45° F.

Following this, a few days were devoted to Cerro Chame, a low, isolated mountain on the coast below Bejuco, and a day each to the La Jagua marshes, near Pacora, and the high ridge of the Cerro Azul, beyond Tocumen. The latter mountain is especially interesting as the haunt of an unusual species of hummingbird, known first from its discovery by E. A. Goldman during investigations for the Smithsonian in 1912, and named Goldmania violiceps.

The field investigations concluded with two days on Barro Colorado Island, the Smithsonian biological station in Gatiin Lake, the time being devoted mainly to observation from cayuco along the island shoreline. The work, during which Armageddon Hartmann served again as assistant, was completed on April 5. During the 3-month period notes were secured on approximately 400 species of birds.

During the last week of September 1954, Dr. David H. Johnson, acting curator, division of mammals, devoted a week at the Chicago Natural History Museum to the study of types and other specimens of mammals in that collection from Formosa, Borneo, and Siam. On the recommendation of the Commission on Hemorrhagic Fever, Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, military air transportation to London and return was furnished on March 29, 1955, to Dr. Johnson for the purpose of studying the types and other related specimens from northeastern Asia in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). This commission requested Dr. Johnson, with the assistance of Lt. J. Knox Jones, to undertake a review of Koreap mammals collected by Army field teams between 1952 and 1954.

From March 27 to April 8, 1955, Dr. Charles O. Handley, Jr., assistant curator, division of mammals, was engaged in comparative studies of foxes, bats, and marsupials in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the American Museum of Natural History for the purpose of advancing completion of revisionary studies.

Dr. Ernest A. Lachner, associate curator, division of fishes, assisted by Frank Schwartz of the University of Pittsburgh, collected in the interval between September 9 and 14, 1954, several thousand fishes in furtherance of his projected study of the fresh-water fishes of the mountain streams of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke, curator, division of insects, left Washington on May 25, 1955, for an extended field trip to the Pacific Northwest, financed by a grant-in-aid from the American Philosophical Society. This research project involved the collection of larvae of small moths

30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

of the genera Depressaria and Agoropteria, as well as experimental observations on their host specificity and host relationships. Field- work was commenced in Wyoming and carried on subsequently in Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, and Minnesota.

Frederick M. Bayer, associate curator, division of marine inverte- brates, under a cooperative arrangement with the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami, conducted a search from August 20 to September 14, 1954, for a reef among the Florida Keys suitable for reproduction, in part at least, as a coral reef group in the projected Hall of Ocean Life. An unusually luxuriant, actively growing Acropora reef with conspicuous sea-fans and other gorgonians was located, and will furnish all the materials needed for an instructive dis- play. Underwater pictures were taken of the reef and some material was collected for use in the preparation of this exhibit. On June 21, 1955, Mr. Bayer was detailed to join an expedition to the Palau Islands sponsored jointly by the George Vanderbilt Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.

Mendel L. Peterson, acting head curator, department of history, participated in a cruise sponsored by Edwin A. Link, of Binghamton, N. Y., to the Bahamas, Haiti, and Cuba from May 1 to July 7, 1955. The objective of this cruise was to investigate Spanish wreck sites on Silver Bank and to retrace the probable route followed by Columbus in the Bahamas during his first voyage to America, as well as to in- vestigate the marking and decoration of muzzle-loading cannon. Photographs and measurements were taken of cannon in the old forts at Nassau in the Bahamas, at Turks Island, at the Citadelle of Henri Christophe at Port au Prince, and those in Morro Castle and the Cabana Fortress in Havana, Cuba.

Between December 12 and 16, 1954, Margaret W. Brown, associate curator, division of civil history, visited New York City and vicinity for consultations relative to the installation of materials in the First Ladies Hall. Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., associate curator, division of philately, participated during the past year in first-day ceremonies for postage-stamp issues and in exhibitions containing portions of the national postage stamp collections at Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia.

To obtain three bison for display in the North American Mammal Hall, W. L. Brown, chief taxidermist, proceeded on October 11, 1954, from Washington to the National Bison Range at Moiese, Mont., where arrangements had been made with the National Park Service for skins of three suitable surplus animals. Subsequently, Mr. Brown traveled to Amidon, Slope County, and to Bismarck, N. Dak., to obtain Rocky Mountain and columnar cedars, willow, dwarf juniper, sage- brush, and grasses for use as background materials in this exhibit.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 31

John E. Anglim, exhibits specialist, visited the Chicago Natural History Museum for the purpose of studying the exhibition techniques employed in the newly completed bird, invertebrate paleontology, gem, mineral, and mammal halls. Discussions were held with the exhibits preparators and the respective curators. Several trips were also made to the Museum of Science and Industry at Chicago, between June 19 and June 27, 1955.

EXHIBITION

The program for modernization of exhibits initiated during the preceding year was continued in 1955 by a Congressional allotment of $360,000. Contracts were awarded and work commenced on the com- pletion of the North American Mammal and Bird Halls and on the construction of the Cultural History Hall (Colonial tradition in America) and the Power Machinery Hall.

After many months of planning by Associate Curator C. Malcolm Watkins, with the cooperation of John KE. Anglim, chief exhibits preparator, and the Public Buildings Service, construction was begun in Hall 26 on exhibits depicting colonial life in North America. Household furnishings and useful and decorative arts illustrating do- mestic customs from the earliest settlements along the Atlantic coast to about 1830 will be displayed in 50 cases and 6 period rooms. ‘Two of the latter will be ground-floor rooms of a complete 2-story seven- teenth-century house from Everett, Mass., the gift of Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, of Marlboro, Mass.

An instructive exhibit of “Folk Pottery of Early New England” was installed in an alcove of the ground-floor foyer of the Natural History Building by Mr. Watkins and the exhibits preparators. The redware and stoneware displayed in this special exhibit were selected from the gift collection of Mrs. Lura Woodside Watkins.

On the evening of June 2, 1955, the President of the American Asso- ciation of Museums, Dr. William M. Milliken, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Leonard Carmichael, formally opened to the public the newly modernized American Indian Hall. This cere- mony was scheduled as part of the program of the 50th anniversary meeting of the American Association of Museums. The ethnographic exhibits in the hall range geographically from Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America, through Latin America, to the south- western United States and California, and display various aspects of the ways of life of these historic Indian cultures. The life-size groups, a legacy from the past, were designed by the talented artist and former head curator of anthropology Dr. William H. Holmes. Five minia- ture dioramas supplement the life-size family groups and portray the Indians who met Columbus, life in a Yosemite Indian village in autumn when acorns are being collected in the valley below the tower-

32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

ing Yosemite Falls, a sacred ceremony in the Antelope Kiva of the Hopi Indians, terrace farming among the Inca, and a camp scene among the Yahgan Indians, the southernmost people in the world. Wall cases display the basic economy of each culture, such as food, clothing, shelter, and handicrafts.

During the year the exhibits staff of the department of zoology com- pleted the installation of the puma, Alaska wolf, pronghorn antelope, and Virginia deer in the recently constructed display units. For the bison group in this North American Mammal Hall, the Fish and Wild- life Service provided three animals from the National Bison Range.

In the hall devoted to birds, all construction work and one habitat group depicting the bird life of the Antarctic were completed. Five emperor and three Adelie penguins, a skua, a kelp gull, and a snow petrel are included. The paintings on the backgrounds of five addi- tional display units—the hoatzin, Carolina parakeet, bowerbird, honeyguide, and palm chat—were practically finished at the close of the fiscal year. The paintings of flying birds for the ceiling of this hall were reported to be completed and the installation of exhibits in some of the alcove cases was commenced.

A special series of small exhibits of insects was prepared and placed in the foyer of the Natural History Building. Notable among these is an exhibit of Morpho butterflies, showing sexual dimorphism and the contrast between physical and chemical coloration. The display tech- nique developed by Thomas G. Baker of the exhibits staff should be of decided interest to other museums because of its novelty and effectiveness.

Planning for the modernization of the geological exhibits has been resumed. The general plans and layouts of the halls for minerals, invertebrate fossils, and the lower vertebrate fossils have now been determined. Preparation of the giant ground sloth material from Panama has been completed, and two skeletons have been assembled for mounting and installation in the exhibition hall. Changes in the mineral exhibit consist of replacing specimens by finer examples as they are acquired.

The detailed planning of the Power Machinery Hall was completed during the year, the plans and specifications were reviewed, and the preparation of exhibits for installation was in progress. The exhibits in this hall will portray the story of the development of power ma- chinery by using original machines, models, and graphic devices. Several new models of pioneer power machines were constructed by Donald H. Berkebile, modelmaker, in the exhibits workshop. The actual construction of this hall will start shortly after the close of this fiscal year.

An outline of the plans for the Hall of Health was circulated to professionally interested individuals and institutions for their com-

SECRETARY'S REPORT 33

ment. The theme of this hall will be “Man’s Knowledge of His Body Then and Now,” a comparison of past and present ideas and knowledge of the human-body.

Jacob Kainen, curator, and J. Harry Phillips, Jr., aide, division of graphic arts, began a complete revision of the exhibits in the portion of the Smithsonian Building known as the “chapel” with a view to presenting a graphic explanation of the techniques of picture printing and to tracing the development of the important processes employed to reproduce pictures mechanically. The photogravure and roto- gravure sections have been completed and the halftone relief process is partially completed. The old built-in display cases have been painted a light gray, and lighting has been installed in the hall for the first time.

In the section of photography material was gathered for exhibits relating to the history of stereophotography and to early motion- picture devices. A series of new exhibits in the northwest gallery relating to the development of the camera shutter, the camera lens, artificial light, and instantaneous photography, and the applications of photography to everyday life, to science and industry, to welfare, and to education are now in the planning stage.

The First Ladies Hall in the Arts and Industries Building was formally opened on May 24, 1955, with the President of the United States and Mrs. Eisenhower participating in the dedication. The eight large display units in this hall are designed to represent dif- ferent rooms in the White House from its earliest period to the present time. ‘These settings afford the visitor an opportunity to view the dresses in surroundings similar to those in which they were originally worn. Architectural details received from the White House during the recent reconstruction have been incorporated in the rooms. Each room contains from three to six dresses representing a time span of about 20 years, and in consequence a style of background and fur- nishings typical of the period was selected to create an appropriate setting for all the dresses. Changing styles in White House decora- tion, from the earliest days to the present, shown in these rooms are actually based on written descriptions of the White House as well as available pictorial evidence.

An exhibit illustrating the history of the United States Marine Corps was dedicated on August 10, 1954, in a section of the Hall of Naval History, by Dr. Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smith- sonian, and Gen. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Commandant of the Marine Corps. <A colorful parade of the Marine Corps band preceded the dedication. This exhibit reveals the historical development of this organization by means of a series of uniforms, swords, and miscella- neous items owned by notable officers and enlisted men.

34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

A special exhibition, “History Under the Sea,” was installed in the foyer of the Natural History Building where it was displayed from July 20 to August 20, and subsequently for about three months in the rotunda of the Arts and Industries Building.

Seventy-six double frames in the philatelic exhibit cases were utilized for display of an exceptionally complete series of United States revenue stamps which were transferred by the Internal Rev- enue Service. The Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, T. Coleman Andrews, made the presentation to Dr. Leonard Car- michael, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, on Octover 12, 1954.

VISITORS

During the fiscal year 1955 there were 3,312,870 visitors to the Museum buildings, an increase of 50,730 over the attendance in 1954. The average daily number of visitors was 9,668. Included in this total are 288,195 school children, who arrived in 7,316 separate groups. April 1955 was the month of the largest attendance with 482,058 visitors; May 1955 was the next largest with 474,485; and August 1954. was the third with 417,807. On one day, May 7, 1955, 55,096 visitors were recorded. Attendance records for the buildings show the following number of visitors: Smithsonian Building 665,261; Arts and Industries Building, 1,742,317; and Natural History Build- ing 905,292.

BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT

On June 28, 1955, the President of the United States approved the Act of Congress which authorizes and directs the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution to plan and construct a suitable building for a, Museum of History and Technology at a cost not to exceed $36,000,- 000. Itisa gratifying recognition of the value of the collections and exhibits which the staff have developed over the years. When com- pleted, adequate facilities will make possible the long-contemplated effective presentation of objects in these fields.

The outward appearance of the Arts and Industries Building was materially improved by the installation of stainless steel doors, tran- som, and finished framing at the north entrance. The outmoded doorway was divided into three passageways which not only imparted a somewhat unsightly aspect but also hampered the inflow and exit of visitors. In continuation of the renovation program, the north, east, and south halls in the Arts and Industries Building were painted for the first time in many years.

CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION AND STAFF

Dr. Thomas E. Bowman was appointed assistant curator in the division of marine vertebrates on August 2, 1954.

SECRETARY'S REPORT 35

On September 18, 1954, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke replaced Dr. E. A. Chapin who retired on January 31, 1954, as curator of the division of insects under a transfer from the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Section of the Entomology Research Branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Dr. Richard E. Blackwelder, associate curator, division of insects, resigned effective October 29, 1954. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, associate curator, division of mollusks, resigned November 10, 1954, to accept a position at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Austin H. Clark, research associate, who retired as curator, divi- sion of echinoderms, December 31, 1950, after serving more than 42 years as a member of the staff, died on October 28, 1954, at Wash- ington, D. C.

The department of geology lost, through death, on June 6, 1955, the valuable services and stimulating associations of Dr. John Putnam Marble, research associate in the division of mineralogy and petrology since 1948.

Respectfully submitted.

Remineton Kuixoae, Director.

Dr. Leonarp CarMIcHagL,

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

Report on the Bureau of American

Ethnology

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the field researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, conducted in accordance with the Act of Congress of April 10, 1928, as amended August 22, 1949, which directs the Bureau “to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection cf the United States and the excavation and preservation of archeo- logic remains.”

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES

In addition to his administrative duties, Dr. M. W. Stirling, Direc- tor of the Bureau, completed the preliminary studies of the archeologi- cal collections made in Panama in 1953, and prepared for publication the sections relating to Taboga, Taboguilla, and Urava Islands, and also that from Almirante Bay on the Panama north coast.

Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., Associate Director of the Bureau, was occupied principally with duties pertaining to the management of the River Basin Surveys, of which he is Director (see his report, p. 40). He reviewed and revised a number of manuscripts on the results of excavations at sites in various areas. In the latter part of September Dr. Roberts went to Lincoln, Nebr., to discuss the opera- tions of the field office located there and to talk with the men who were coming in from the field. En route to Lincoln he visited the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan where he examined various archeological collections and spoke to a group of students on the problem of Early Man in America. In November he attended the 12th Plains Conference for Archeology held at the Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, and took part in discussions on the archeology of the Missouri Basin. During the winter months he devoted a portion of his time to the preparation of a manuscript covering the high points and summarizing the activi- ties of the River Basin Surveys from the beginning of fieldwork in the summer of 1946 to the end of the calendar year 1954. In May he attended the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology at Bloomington, Ind., and participated in a symposium on the archeo- logical salvage program. Thence he proceeded to Lincoln where he

36

SECRETARY’S REPORT 37

spent a week reviewing the activities of the field office and laboratory and assisting in the preparation of plans for the summer field season. Toward the end of June Dr. Roberts again went to the headquarters at Lincoln to assist in the preparations for sending parties to the field and started on an inspection trip through the Missouri Basin in com- pany with Dr. John M. Corbett and Paul Beaubien of the National Park Service. At the end of June the group was at Cherokee, Iowa, where Dr. Reynold J. Ruppe, Jr., of the University of Iowa, was directing a joint party of the University and the Sanford Museum in excavations at an archeological site on Mill Creek.

At the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. Henry B. Collins, anthro- pologist, was in the Canadian Arctic, conducting archeological work on Southampton Island in Hudson Bay. The expedition was spon- sored jointly by the Smithsonian Institution, the National Geographic Society, and the National Museum of Canada. Dr. Collins was as- sisted by Dr. J. N. Emerson, assistant professor of anthropology, Uni- versity of Toronto, William E. Taylor, Jr., research assistant, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, and Eugene Ostroff, pho- tographer, of Washington, D. C.

The party left Coral Harbour, Southampton Island, on June 25, traveling by dog team over the sea ice, and camped for the greater part of the summer at Native Point, 40 miles down the coast. This aban- doned Eskimo village of 85 stone and sod house ruins was once the principal settlement of the Sadlermiut Eskimos, who became extinct in 1903. Excavation of selected house ruins, graves, and midden areas yielded a valuable collection of cultural and skeletal material of this little-known Eskimo tribe.

One mile from the Sadlermiut site, on an 85-foot elevation and almost a mile from the sea, is a much older site of the Dorset culture, probably 1,000 years or more old. Covering an area of well over 20 acres, this is the largest Dorset site thus far known. Excavations there yielded thousands of artifacts of stone, ivory, and bone, some of them typically Dorset, others representing types that were new to the Dorset culture. The site represents a phase of Dorset culture different in certain respects from any previously reported. Among the new types were several forms of microlithic blades recalling those of the upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia but not previously found in America. Wood was entirely absent at the site, having disintegrated, and the bird and mammal bones and the ivory, bone, and antler arti- facts were uniformly patinated and weathered, in striking contrast to the fresh, well-preserved similar material from the Sadlermiut site. This suggests a considerable age for the Dorset site and bears out other indications that the Dorset culture in Canada and Greenland flourished at a time when the climate was milder than today.

38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Over 45,000 mammal bones were excavated at the Dorset and Sadler- miut sites, and of these some 6,000 were identified in the field. One result was the demonstration of some striking differences in the food economy of the Dorset and Sadlermiut people. Twenty graves con- taining complete skeletons were excavated, and an additional 15 un- associated skulls were collected. In mid-July a trip was made by Eskimo boat to Coats Island where two Sadlermiut houses were excavated.

A preliminary report illustrating and describing the results of the Southampton investigations was prepared for publication. Another article was prepared describing the current status of Arctic archeology, results accomplished, and problems toward which research should be directed.

Dr. Collins continued to serve as a member of the Research Com- mittee of the Arctic Institute of North America and of the subcommit- tee responsible for planning and supervising the scientific work of the Point Barrow Laboratory, operated by the Office of Naval Research. He also continued as chairman of the directing committee supervising the work of the Arctic Bibliography, which the Arctic Institute is pre- paring for the Department of Defense, under an Office of Naval Re- search contract, with funds provided by the Department of the Air Force. Volume 4 of Arctic Bibliography, 1,591 pages, was issued by the Government Printing Office in August 1954. It lists and describes the contents of 7,627 publications in all fields of science relating to the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of America and Eurasia. The material, which is extensively indexed and cross-indexed according to subject and geographical locality, covers papers published in English, Rus- sian, Scandinavian, and other languages. Volume 5 of the bibliog- raphy, containing analysis of contents of 5,494 publications, was is- sued in April 1955. Though all fields of science are included, volume 5 gives special emphasis to health and disease in the Arctic, environ- mental effects, and anthropology, particularly the native peoples of northern Siberia and Europe. Material for volume 6 was turned over to the printer on June 20, 1955.

On June 6, 1955, Dr. Collins left again for Southampton Island, to continue the excavations begun last year. The work is being spon- sored by the National Museum of Canada and the Smithsonian, with a grant received from the American Philosophical Society.

At the beginning of July, Dr. Philip Drucker was at his official station in Washington, D. C., preparing a report on field researches completed during the previous year. The report, entitled “Modern Inter-tribal Organizations on the Northwest Coast,” was later sub- mitted to, and accepted by, the Arctic Institute of North America, the foundation that supported the major portion of the research, with

SECRETARY’S REPORT 39

supplementary financial assistance from the American Philosophical Society and the Smithsonian Institution. During the same interval he also completed a theoretical paper on “The Sources of Northwest Coast Culture,” for publication in the New Jnterpretations of Ab- original American Culture History, 75th Anniversary Volume of the Anthropological Society of Washington.

Thanks to the liberal support of the National Geographic Society, it was possible to plan an ample program of archeological research at the important Olmec site of La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. Plans were drawn up for a cooperative project, in which the National Geo- graphic Society, the Smithsonian Institution, and the University of California were to participate. Dr. Drucker, representing the Smith- sonian Institution, and Dr. Robert F. Heizer, of the University of California and honorary research associate of the Smithsonian, were to function as coleaders of the expedition. During the latter part of November and early in December, Dr. Drucker made a. preliminary trip to La Venta to obtain clearances from local, civil, and military authorities, recruit labor, select a camp site, and negotiate other de- tails. On January 10 he left Washington to initiate the work, being joined on February 1 by Dr. Heizer and two of the latter’s graduate students serving as archeological assistants. An additional member of the party was Ing. Eduardo Contreras S., assistant archeologist and representative of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia de México. In passing, due tribute must be given the offi- cers of this organization, whose whole-hearted cooperation made the fieldwork possible.

The primary aim of the expedition was to carry out architectonic investigations at La Venta, since in past years National Geographic Society-sponsored parties have recovered a good deal of information on Olmec ceramics and art. Excavations were restricted almost ex- clusively to the ceremonial enclosure, where tests in previous years had shown a variety of structures to exist. Working through a 314- month season with a crew of about 50 local Jaborers, the party ex- cavated a series of structures of the ceremonial enclosure complex. It proved possible to identify a series of constructional phases in each of the individual! structures and to work out a correlation of the phases throughout the ceremonial enclosure. From the drift-sand overbur- den that covered the structures, materials were recovered pertaining to one, or possibly two, post-Olmec occupations of the site. Deter- mination of the cultural affiliations of these later inhabitants is of special interest. Carbon samples from post-Olmec deposits and from various structural phases of the Olmec occupation were collected for the purpose of obtaining accurate O-14 dates of the phases and periods.

370930—56——4

40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

In addition, a series of offerings were found, consisting of objects of pottery, jade, serpentine, hematite, quartz crystal, and other min- erals, which add considerably to the stock of available knowledge of Olmec art and technology.

At the end of the fiscal year, Dr. Drucker was at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia in Mexico, D. F., studying the collections made during the field season.

RIVER BASIN SURVEYS

(Prepared by FRANK H. H. ROBERTS, Jr., Director)

The River Basin Surveys continued investigations in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior, the Corps of Engineers of the Department of the Army, and various State and local institutions. Because of a further curtailment of funds the Inter-Agency Salvage Program did not produce as extensive results as in former years. During the fiscal year 1954-55 the work of the River Basin Surveys was financed by a transfer of $52,700 from the National Park Service to the Smithsonian Institution. The funds were entirely for use in the Missouri Basin. An additional carryover of $3,691.44 made a total of $56,391.44 for operations in the area. That amount was approximately 25 percent less than moneys available for the preceding year, which also had suffered a drastic reduction. As a consequence, there was a corre- sponding progressive decrease in the program.

Field investigations during the year consisted mainly of excavations. On July 1, 1954, three parties were in the field; two were doing in- tensive digging—one in the Fort Randall area in South Dakota and one in the Garrison Reservoir area in North Dakota, and the third, also operating in the Fort Randall basin, was engaged in test excava- tions at a number of sites. In each case some reconnaissance work was carried on, but that constituted only a minor activity. At the end of the fiscal year no parties were in the field, but preparations were under way to send out three groups for intensive digging opera- tions in two reservoir areas. Because of lack of funds no paleontologi- cal studies were made during the year and none were planned for fiscal 1956.

By June 380, 1955, areas where archeological surveys had been made or excavations carried on since the start of actual fieldwork in the summer of 1946 totaled 248 located in 27 States. In addition, one Jock project and four canal areas had also been investigated. As a result some 4,345 sites have been located and recorded. Of that num- ber 852 were recommended for excavation or limited testing. Pre- liminary appraisal reports were completed for all the reservoirs surveyed, and where additional reconnaissance has resulted in the

SECRETARY’S REPORT 41

discovery of other sites supplemental reports have been prepared. During the course of the year one such report was issued. Since the start of the program 180 reports have been distributed. The dif- ference between that figure and the total number of reservoir areas investigated is in part due to the fact that where several reservoirs form a unit in a single subbasin they are included in one report.

At the end of the fiscal year 324 sites in 44 reservoir basins located in 17 different States had been dug either extensively or in part. In some of the reservoir areas only a single site was excavated while in others a whole series was examined. At least one example of each type of site found in the preliminary surveys has been investigated. In previous years the results of certain phases of that work appeared in technical journals and in Bulletin 154 of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Six manuscript reports on earlier excavation work were completed during the present year and are ready for publication. One major technical report was issued in December as Bulletin 158 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and a summary statement of the program in the Missouri Basin for the years 1950-51 appeared in April 1955 in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.

The reservoir projects that have been surveyed for archeological remains as of June 30, 1955, were distributed as follows: Alabama, 1; California, 20; Colorado, 24; Georgia, 5; Idaho, 11; Llinois, 2; Kansas, 10; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 2; Minnesota, 1; Mississippi, 1; Montana, 15; Nebraska, 28; New Mexico, 1; North Dakota, 18; Ohio, 2; Oklahoma, 7; Oregon, 27; Pennsylvania, 2; South Dakota, 9; Ten- nessee, 4; ‘Texas, 19; Virginia, 2; Washington, 11; West Virginia, 2; and Wyoming, 22.

Excavations have been made or were under way in reservoir basins in: California, 5; Colorado, 1; Georgia, 4; Kansas, 3; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Mexico, 1; North Dakota, 4; Oklahoma, 2; Oregon, 3; South Carolina, 1; South Dakota, 3; Texas, 7; Virginia, 1; Wash- ington, 4; West Virginia, 1; and Wyoming, 2. The foregoing figures include only the work of the River Basin Surveys or that in which there was direct cooperation with local institutions. Projects that were carried on by local institutions under agreements with the Na- tional Park Service are not included because complete information about them is not available.

Throughout the year the National Park Service, Bureau of Recla- mation, Corps of Engineers, and various State and local institutions continued to provide helpful cooperation in the Inter-Agency Salvage Program and furnished valuable assistance to the River Basin Sur- veys. In several cases mechanical equipment was made available by the construction agency, and at other projects temporary office and laboratory space was provided. Transportation and guides were

42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

furnished in a number of instances. The River Basin Surveys men received helpful assistance from the field personnel of the other agencies, and for that reason their accomplishments were much greater than would otherwise have been the case. As in previous years the National Park Service served as the liaison between the various agencies both in Washington and in the field. It also was mainly responsible for preparing estimates and justifications and pro- curing funds to support the investigations. ‘The wholehearted coop- eration of Park Service personnel greatly aided all phases of the operations.

The main office in Washington continued general supervision over the work, while the field headquarters and laboratory at Lincoln, Nebr., was responsible for the activities in the Missouri Basin. The materials collected by excavating parties in the Missouri Basin were processed at the Lincoln laboratory. During the year there was a general distribution of specimens and materials from the laboratory to the U.S. National Museum and to various State and local agencies. The only activities outside the Missouri Basin pertained to the com- pletion of reports on work done in previous years and a brief check on the status of two construction projects in Tennessee.

Washington office—The main headquarters of the River Basin Sur- veys, at the Bureau of American Kthnology, continued under the direction of Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. Carl F. Miller, archeolo- gist, was based at that office and from time to time assisted the director in general administrative problems.

At the start of the fiscal year Mr. Miller was in the office continuing his studies on the material obtained at the John H. Kerr (Buggs Island) Reservoir on the Roanoke River in southern Virginia and in the preparation of his report on the results of investigations at that locality. During the fall and winter months he completed a manu- script, “Reevaluation of the Eastern Siouan Problem with Particular Emphasis on the Virginia Branches: the Occaneechi, Saponi, and ‘Tutelo.” He also presented papers before several archeological socie- ties and interested study groups. In June, at the request of the Bu- reau of American Ethnology, he made a brief trip to visit and examine various Archaic and Paleo-Indian sites in Alabama and Tennessee. He made an examination of Russell Cave in Jackson County, Ala., where three and possibly four occupation levels are present. He also visited several Paleo-Indian sites in the vicinity of Decatur and Hunts- ville, Ala., and studied collections of materials that had been obtained from them. From Alabama Mr. Miller went to Nashville, Tenn., and after conferring with the Corps of Engineers officers in that city pro- ceeded to the Cheatham and Old Hickory projects on the Cumberland River to determine the exact status of the reservoir pools in relation

SECRETARY’S REPORT 43

to the archeological sites in their basins. En route from Tennessee to Washington Mr. Miller stopped in Georgia and picked up materials collected during the course of investigations at the Allatoona Reser- voir and brought them to the National Museum. At the end of June Mr. Miller was making preparations to proceed to Montana to conduct excavations in the Tiber Reservoir area on the Marias River.

Columbia Basin and Texas.—The River Basin Surveys did no field- work in these areas during the fiscal year, but two technical reports on previous investigations were completed and submitted for pub- lication. Joel L. Shiner, formerly in charge of the River Basin Surveys field headquarters at Eugene, Oreg., and now an archeologist with the National Park Service, turned in a manuscript, “The Mc- Nary Reservoir, a Study in Plateau Archeology,” based on the results of excavations at nine sites. Edward B. Jelks, who was in charge of the field headquarters at Austin, Tex., before 1t was transferred to the National Park Service and who is still an archeologist with that or- ganization, completed a report, “Excavations at Texarkana Reservoir, Sulphur River, Texas,” detailing the results of the digging at three sites. As his duties at the Lincoln, Nebr., office permitted, Robert L. Stephenson continued work on his “Archeological Investigations in the Whitney Reservoir Area, Hill County, Texas.” Mr. Stephenson made the excavations on which it is based before transferring to the Missouri Basin.

Missouri Basin.—Throughout fiscal 1955 the Missouri Basin Project continued to operate from the field headquarters at Lincoln, Nebr. Robert L. Stephenson served as chief of the project from July 1 to September 3, when he was granted leave of absence to complete aca- demic work on an advanced degree at the Department of Anthro- pology, University of Michigan. After Mr. Stephenson’s departure, G. Hubert Smith took over direction of the project as archeologist in charge. Activities during the year were concerned mainly with ex- cavations, the processing of the collections obtained from the digging, analyses and study of the materials, the preparation of general and technical manuscripts on the results, and the publication and dissemi- nation of scientific and popular reports. At the beginning of the fiscal year the Missouri Basin Project had a permanent staff of twelve persons. There were two temporary part-time employees assisting in the laboratory. During July, August, and part of September, 1 tem- porary assistant archeologist and 24 temporary student and local non- student laborers were employed in the field. During the field season three of the regular staff were engaged in excavation activities. The temporary employees were gradually laid off as the excavations and test digging were brought to a close and by the first of October only the permanent staff, a temporary assistant archeologist, and a part-time

44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

office worker were on the rolls. By the first of November it became evident that the funds available for 1955 would not permit the con- tinuance of as large a staff and a reduction in force became necessary. As a result on June 30 the staff had been cut to seven persons.

During the year only three River Basin Surveys field parties op- erated in the Missouri Basin. Two of them were primarily occupied in conducting full-scale excavations while the third was engaged in making a series of test excavations. The latter and one of the full- scale digging parties worked in the Fort Randall Reservoir area in South Dakcta while the other excavating party worked in the Garri- son Reservoir area in North Dakota. All three parties were in the field at the start of the fiscal year. At the Fort Randall Reservoir, which has been flooding since the closing of the dam in July 1953, excavations were carried on by a group under the direction of Harold A. Huscher at the Oldham Village site where previous digging had revealed evidence for several components but the relationships were not clear. Because of the rising waters of the reservoir pool and un- satisfactory working conditions, the investigations were brought to a close on July 24. The results of the season’s efforts clarified the sit- uation at the Oldham site and will make possible a much more satis- factory story of the occupations there in the period A. D. 1500 to 1700. Shortly after the departure of the field party, the Oldham site went under water and will continue to be flooded throughout the indefinite future.

The second party in the Fort Randall area under Paul L. Cooper continued its intensive sampling operations until September 20. Dur- ing the season 13 sites ranging from the Woodland to the historic pe- riods were studied. The sites varied from small temporary camps to the remains of extensive earth-lodge villages. Several cultural traditions are represented in the material obtained from them. Mr. Cooper had planned to dig at several additional locations but the rising waters of the reservoir prevented his doing so.

During the period the two field parties from the Missouri Basin Project were engaged in the Fort Randall area, a third party repre- senting the Nebraska State Historical Society, led by Marvin F. Kivett, and working under an agreement with the National Park Service, excavated at Crow Creek Village site. The imposing re- mains of that former fortified earth-lodge village have been well known to students for many years, but it was not until the summer of 1954 and excavations were under way that the presence of a second village area, also fortified, was established. In the latter, evidence for two occupations, both prehistoric, was found. These are sig- nificant because one of them shows definite relationships with cultural materials in Nebraska while the other clearly defines a cultural phase

SECRETARY’S REPORT 45

found during an earlier season at another site in the Fort Randall area and which was not well understood. Important data were also ob- tained on earth-lodge types. In the vicinity of the village areas two burial mounds were tested and information was obtained on burial customs. The work at that location contributed so much to knowl- edge of aboriginal occupation in that portion of the Missouri Basin that the Historical Society in cooperation with the National Park Service again sent a party to the site on June 14 where it was continuing excavations at the end of the fiscal year.

In June a party from the University of Kansas led by Dr. Carlyle S. Smith proceeded to the Fort Randall Reservoir area to begin excavations under a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service. The Kansas group started digging at a site near Fort Thompson. By the end of the fiscal year they had cut cross trenches and quadrants in the remains of a large earth lodge approximately 52 feet in diameter and had tested several refuse mounds in a nearby field. ‘The materials recovered by the close of the year indicated that the site had relationships with certain occupations at two sites pre- viously excavated in the Fort Randall area. The party planned to continue its operations through the month of July, and the additional information obtained should make possible a better understanding of aboriginal activities in that immediate district.

The River Basin Surveys did no work in the Oahe Reservoir area during the fiscal year, but a party from the South Dakota State Archeological Commission and the W. H. Over Museum, under a cooperating agreement with the National Park Service, carried on excavations directed by Dr. Wesley R. Hurt at a location known as the Swan Creek site. Three and possibly four occupations were found there. The most recent of them represents the historic period. Parts of two fortification ditches with palisades, earth lodges, and caches, and burials of two types were uncovered. The sites proved to be so important and so complex that Dr. Hurt and his party returned there on June 15 and was continuing its excavations at the close of the fiscal year.

In the Garrison Reservoir area at the beginning of the fiscal year a party from the Missouri Basin Project under G. Hubert Smith and a group from the State Historical Society of North Dakota led by Alan R. Woolworth, operating under an agreement with the National Park Service, were continuing their joint investigations at the sites of Forts Berthold I and IT and the remains of the aboriginal village named Like-a-Fishhook. Fort Berthold IT had been partially dug by Smith in 1952 and parties from the State Historical Society of North Dakota had carried on studies in the remains of the Indian village during three previous seasons. Toward the close of the 1952 season

46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

the North Dakota party found indications of the remains of Fort Berthold I but had no opportunity to study them. Because of lack of funds nothing was done there in the summer of 1953. The plans for the 1954 season included the clearing of several features at Fort Berthold II, excavation of the remains of Fort Berthold I, and some additional digging in the aboriginal area. When the project was brought to a close on July 10 the remains of the original Fort Berthold trading post were fully exposed and the stockade which surrounded the original Indian village had been found and completely defined. The excavations were greatly accelerated by the use of mechanical equipment. Fort Berthold I was built and occupied from 1845 to 1862 and the adjacent Fort Berthold II, which originally was called Atkinson, was occupied from about 1858 to 1890 by both fur traders and American military forces. Like-a-Fishhook Village was situ- ated between the two trading posts and was built about 1845. It was occupied by groups of Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara who had joined forces against the Sioux. Information obtained from the digging of the various features in the area has made possible the preparation of the first complete map showing the extent of the two posts and the village and has added considerable information pertaining to the fur trade and other white and Indian contacts during the period involved. The entire area went under water in the spring of 1955.

From Fort Berthold, Woolworth and the State Historical Society party moved farther upstream and excavated the remains of Kipp’s Trading Post. The stockade was outlined and the positions and extent of the log buildings originally within the enclosure were de- termined. A representative collection of objects characteristic of the period was obiained. ‘This supplemented and broadened the informa- tion from test excavations made there by a River Basin Surveys party in the fall of 1951. The site is of particular interest because it was occupied for a short time during the winter of 1826-27 when the period of organized trade on the Upper Missouri was just getting under way and because Kipp’s Post seemingly was the immediate predecessor of Fort Union which became the great trade capital for that part of the Plains area. After completing the work at that location, the party made some further investigations at Grandmother’s Lodge, a site where some preliminary digging had been done during & previous season. Grandmother’s Lodge was the traditional dwell- ing place of the Mandan or Hidatsa supernatural being who was considered to be the patroness of gardens and crops. Investigation of the remains provided data that can be compared with the legendary story which is one of the important myths of the Indians in that district.

Three detailed technical reports, all pertaining to excavations at sites in the Garrison Reservoir area in North Dakota, were completed

PLATE 1

Secretary's Report, 1955

bt 1 ]

Exposed floor areas being taken from top of tall

1. Operations of River Basin Surveys. ladder. Rising waters of Fort Randall Reservoir appear in background.

Portion of the Oldham site as seen from the

2. Operations of River Basin Surveys. ladder. Holes in floor of area in left foreground outline former circular earth lodge,

Entire site is now under water.

Secretary's Report, 1955 PLATE 2

1. Operations of River Basin Surveys. Tracing floor of earth lodge at village site near

Chamberlain, §. Dak. Missouri River in background. Area has since been destroyed.

2. Operations of River Basin Surveys. Mechanical equipment was used successfully removing upper part of fill from house pits and for excavating long trenches.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 47

and submitted for publication. Considerable progress was made in the preparation of the reports on the results of investigations in one reservoir area in South Dakota, a second reservoir area in North Dakota, and two reservoir areas in Wyoming. In addition several short articles and papers were written and sent to technical journals. Two major manuscripts were printed and distributed and several short articles were published.

During the year the reduced laboratory staff processed 46,602 speci- mens from 51 sites in 4 reservoir areas. A total of 6,155 catalog num- bers was assigned to the series of specimens. The work in the labora- tory also included: reflex copies of records, 7,423; photographic nega- tives made, 685; photographic prints made, 787; photographic prints mounted, 2,854; manuscript prints mounted, 35; transparencies mounted in glass, 362; drawings, tracings, and maps, 110; specimens drawn for illustration, 81; pottery vessels restored, 2; pottery vessel sections restored, 32. Photographic activity was at a minimum be- cause the position of staff photographer left vacant by the death of the photographer at the end of the preceding fiscal year was not filled. However, the photographic laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington assisted by performing some of the required work. Drafting and specimen illustrating were also at a minimum because there were not sufficient funds to replace the draftsman-illustrator who resigned in October. The laboratory staff devoted considerable time during the fiscal year to transferring analyzed records and special materials to various permanent repositories. In accordance with the policy adopted at the start of the program, various collections and the data pertaining to them were sent to several State and local agen- cies as well as to the United States National Museum.

Archeological specimens and records from the following were trans- ferred to the division of archeology, U. S. National Museum: Am- herst Reservoir, 12 sites; Baldhill Reservoir, 11 sites; Beaver City Reservoir, 4 sites; Box Butte Reservoir, 1 site; Boysen Reservoir, 1 site; Brewster Reservoir, 1 site; Broncho Reservoir, 6 sites; Buffalo Creek (renamed Bison) Reservoir, 1 site; Cushing Reservoir, 2 sites; Devil’s Lake Reservoir, 3 sites; Dickinson Reservoir, 3 sites; Enders Reservoir, 5 sites; Hricson Reservoir, 5 sites; Fort Randall Reservoir, 11 sites; Garrison Reservoir, 117 sites; Heart Butte Reservoir, 1 site; Jamestown Reservoir, 1 site (human bone only); Medicine Creek Reservoir (Harry Strunk Lake), 24 sites; Medicine Lake Reservoir, 5 sites; Mullen Reservoir, 8 sites; Niobrara Basin (a series of 10 small reservoirs), 44 sites; Oahe Reservoir, 8 sites; Red Willow Reservoir, 3 sites; Rock Creek Reservoir, 1 site; Sargent Canal, 4 sites; Tiber Reservoir, 4 sites; sites not in reservoirs: Kansas, 1; Missouri, 1; Mon- tana, 11; Nebraska, 8.

48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Archeological specimens and records were transferred as follows: From 107 Tuttle Creek Reservoir sites to the Department of Econom- ics and Sociology, Kansas State College. From one site in the Keyhole Reservoir to the Department of Economics and Sociology, University of Wyoming. From one site in the Garrison Reservoir to the Depart- ment of Anthropology and Sociology, Montana State University. From 14 sites in the Big Sandy Reservoir to the Department of An- thropology, University of Nebraska. From one site in the Garrison Reservoir to the Nebraska State Historical Society. From 3 sites in the Garrison Reservoir to the North Dakota State Historical Soci- ety. Virtually all the material worth preservation from one of the sites, Fort Stevenson, went to Bismarck.

Total number of sites from which archeological specimens were transferred to other organizations in fiscal 1955: 434.

Transfers of archeological specimens made prior to fiscal 1955 and not previously reported: Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, a total of 19 sites representing Bonny, Cherry Creek, Narrows, and Wray reservoirs. Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, a total of 11 sites representing Harlan County Reservoir. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, a total of 66 sites representing Cedar Bluff, Glen Elder, Kanopolis, Kirwin, Lovewell, Norton, Pioneer, Webster, Wilson, and Wolf Creek reservoirs. Divi- sion of archeology, U. S. National Museum, a total of four sites repre- senting Harlan County and Tuttle Creek reservoirs.

Total number of sites from which archeological specimens were transferred prior to fiscal] 1955: 100.

As of June 30, 1955, the Missouri Basin Project had transferred to other agencies the archeological specimens from a total of 534 sites. Of these, 513 sites were in 52 reservoirs. Twenty-one sites were not in reservoirs.

In addition to transfers of archeological specimens in site lots, the Missouri Basin Project had, just prior to fiscal 1955, transferred rep- resentative series of potsherds to the following agencies: Ceramics Repository, University of Michigan; W. H. Over Museum, University of South Dakota; Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas; Nebraska State Historical Society.

Upper Republican sherds were transferred from Medicine Creek Reservoir sites 25F'1T18, 17, 39, and 70. Sites 89ST14 and 30, in Oahe Reservoir, furnished sherds of the following wares: Anderson, Fore- man, Monroe, and Stanley.

All identified, unworked shell in storage was transferred to the University of Nebraska State Museum in November 1954. Except for specimens in the comparative collection in the Lincoln laboratory, this transfer included all specimens collected prior to 1954. Reser-

SECRETARY'S REPORT 49

voir distribution is as follows: Amherst, 2 sites; Angostura, 11 sites; Baldhill, 7 sites; Beaver City, 1 site; Bixby, 3 sites; Boysen, 2 sites; Buffalo Creek, 1 site; Canyon Ferry, 7 sites; Cushing, 1 site; Edge- mont, 1 site; Fort Randall, 35 sites; Garrison, 183 sites; Glendo, 8 sites; Glen Elder, 13 sites; Harlan County, 8 sites; Heart Butte, 3 sites; Kanopolis, 6 sites; Keyhole, 8 sites; Kirwin, 4 sites; Medicine Creek, 14 sites; Medicine Lake, 1 site; Moorhead, 1 site; Niobrara Basin, 7 sites; Oahe, 58 sites; Sheyenne, 2 sites; Tiber, 5 sites; Tuttle Creek, 10 sites; Wilson, 1 site; not in reservoirs, 3 sites.

Total number of sites from which identified, unworked shell was transferred : 236, of which 233 were in 29 reservoirs and 3 were not in reservoirs.

As of June 80, 1955, the Missouri Basin Project had transferred the identified, unworked animal bone from 453 sites to the University of Nebraska State Museum. No such transfers were made during fiscal 1955. Reservoir distribution of previous transfers is as follows: Amherst, 1 site; Angostura, 34 sites; Baldhill, 2 sites; Big Sandy, 1 site; Bixby, 3 sites; Bonny, 1 site; Boysen, 12 sites; Canyon Ferry, 4 sites; Clark Canyon, 1 site; Des Lacs, 1 site; Devil’s Lake, 1 site; Dickinson, 2 sites; Edgemont, 6 sites; Enders, 1 site; Ericson, 1 site; Fort Randall, 85 sites; Garrison, 60 sites; Gavins Point, 1 site; Glendo, 14 sites; Glen Elder, 4 sites; Harlan County, 8 sites; Heart Butte, 5 sites ; Jamestown, 7 sites; Kanopolis, 5 sites; Keyhole, 9 sites; Kirwin, 4 sites; Kortes, 1 site; Medicine Creek, 13 sites; Medicine Lake, 2 sites; Moorhead, 5 sites; Mullen, 3 sites; Niobrara Basin, 10 sites; Norton, 1 site; Oahe, 93 sites; Oregon Basin, 9 sites; Red Willow, 1 site; Tiber, 22 sites; Tuttle Creek, 1 site; Wilson, 4 sites; Yellowtail, 3 sites; not in reservoirs, 12 sites.

A special exhibit illustrating and explaining the Missouri Basin Salvage Program was prepared and installed at the Nebraska State Fair held at Lincoln during September. Considerable attention was shown the display by visitors, and numerous requests were received for literature pertaining to the operations of the project and the re- sults obtained from the various excavations. Temporary interpre- tative displays were also installed from time to time in the windows of the Laboratory in the business section of Lincoln. They attracted favorable attention and numerous passers-by dropped into the oflice to ask questions about different projects. Much local interest has developed since the Salvage Program has been under way.

Paul L. Cooper, archeologist, was in charge of the intensive testing party in the Fort Randall area from July 1 until September 20. Dur- ing that time he supervised the digging in 13 sites which were soon to gounder water. Mr. Cooper returned to Lincoln on September 22 and during October and the early part of November devoted his time to the

50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

study of the materials obtained during the summer and analysis of the information contained in his field notes. He also read proof on his report, “The Archeological and Paleontological Salvage Program in the Missouri Basin, 1950-51,” which appeared in April in the Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 12, No.2. Because of the short- age of funds and the necessity of curtailing the staff of the Missouri Basin Project, Mr. Cooper’s employment was terminated November 20 by a reduction-in-force action.

Harold A. Huscher, assistant archeologist, was in charge of the party excavating at the Oldham site in the Fort Randall Reservoir area from July 1 to July 24. He returned to headquarters at Lincoln on July 27. During August, September, and the early part of October he devoted his time to analyzing and studying the materials obtained during the field season and in correlating his results with those of previous seasons’ work at the site. He resigned from the Missouri Basin Project on October 15 to return to Columbia University and continue his work on an advanced degree.

George Metcalf, formerly a member of the regular staff of the Mis- souri Basin Project but now a member of the division of archeology, U.S. National Museum, completed and turned in a manuscript, “Notes on Some Small Sites on and about Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota.” The data contained in the man- uscript were collected by Mr. Metcalf during several seasons of field- work while a member of various River Basin Surveys parties,

At the beginning of the fiscal year G. Hubert Smith, archeologist, was in charge of the Missouri Basin Project party which was cooper- ating with the North Dakota State Historical Society party in the Garrison Reservoir where excavations at the sites of Fort Berthold I, Fort Berthold I], and Like-a-Fishhook Village were being brought to completion. The work was finished on July 10 and Mr. Smith pro- ceeded to Bismarck, N. Dak., where he devoted a week to the study of documentary records in the archives of the State Histerical Society. Materials there contain considerable information about both of the forts as well as the Indian village and Mr. Smith deemed it advisable to be familiar with the records because of the light they might throw on the evidence obtained by the digging. Mr. Smith was on duty at the Lincoln headquarters from July 19, 1954, to May 20, 1955. From August 16 to August 31, during an absence of Robert L. Stephenson, he served as archeologist in charge. He again took over in the latter capacity from September 3, 1954, until May 20, 1955. While at the project headquarters Mr. Smith revised and completed the draft of his report on excavations at the site of Fort Berthold IT, made largely in 1952 and completed in 1954, and in collaboration with Alan R. Wool- worth of the North Dakota State Historical Society prepared a pre-

SECRETARY'S REPORT 51

liminary report of the investigations at the site of Fort Berthold I. Throughout the fall and winter months Mr. Smith talked about salvage archeology before numerous groups in Lincoln. He reported on the current work of the Missouri Basin Project at the 12th Plains Confer- ence for Archeology which was held at Lincoln in November. He also presented a paper at the May meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences. At the request of the Indian Claims Section, Lands Divi- sion, Department of Justice, Mr. Smith was detailed to that organiza- tion on May 20 to assist in gathering data for an Indian land-claims case. He completed that assignment on June 30. A paper by Mr. Smith, “Excavations at Fort Stevenson, 1951,” was published in North Dakota History for July 1954.

Robert L. Stephenson, chief of the Missouri Basin Project, was at the headquarters in Lincoln on July 1. Shortly thereafter he left on a tour of inspection of the field parties working in the Missouri Basin. He accompanied Dr. John M. Corbett and Paul Beaubien of the Na- tional Park Service. The party visited the excavations at the Old- ham and Crow Creek sites and the several sites under investigation by Paul L. Cooper. It also went to the Swan Creek site in the Oahe Reservoir area. After his return to Lincoln, Mr. Stephenson, in addi- tion to directing the operations of the project, continued work on sev- eral technical reports. Mr. Stephenson left the field headquarters at Lincoln on September 3 and proceeded to Ann Arbor, Mich. He was still in leave status at the end of the year.

Richard P. Wheeler, archeologist, returned to the Lincoln head- quarters on July 1 from Jamestown, N. Dak., where he had been con- ducting excavations and making surveys in the Jamestown Reservoir basin. Wheeler remained in the office throughout the fiscal year. Ho devoted his time to the preparation of reports on the results of his excavations in previous years in the Angostura Reservoir area, South Dakota, the Boysen and Keyhole Reservoir areas in Wyoming, and on the Hintz site in the Jamestown Reservoir area, North Dakota. He also prepared several short articles on specific artifact problems and wrote several reviews for professional journals, His paper, “A Check List of Middle Missouri Pottery Wares, Types, and Subtypes,” was published in the Plains Anthropologist, No. 2, December 1954. In November Wheeler served as chairman of a symposium on the arche- ology of the western plains at the 12th Plains Conference for Arche- ology and read a paper summarizing the results of his investigations in the Jamestown Reservoir area in 1954. In April he served as chair- man of the anthropology section at the 65th Annual Meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences held at the University of Nebraska. At that time he also read a preliminary statement relating to a study of aboriginal dwellings and settlement types in the Northern Plains.

52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

During the period when Mr. Smith was absent from the office, Mr. Wheeler performed such duties of the archeologist in charge as were required. At the end of the fiscal year he was preparing to take a field party to the Oahe Dam area in South Dakota where excavations were planned for two sites.

Cooperating institutions.—A number of State and local institutions continued to cooperate in the Inter-Agency Salvage Program through- out the year. Some of the State groups worked independently but correlated their activities closely with the over-all program. A ma- jority of the projects, however, were under agreements between the National Park Service and the various organizations. The Historical Society of Indiana continued making surveys of proposed reservoir areas as part of its general program for archeological studies in that State and made reports on the results of its work. The Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society carried on salvage operations in several localities. In a number of cases the sites involved were not in reservoir areas but the need for the recovery cf materials was just as great as though they were ultimately to go under water. ‘The Archeo- logical Survey Association of Southern California continued its volun- tary recovery of materials at several projects in the San Diego area, and the University of California Archeological Survey included sev- eral proposed reservoir areas in its general survey program.

A number of institutions worked under agreements with the Na- tional Park Service. The University of California Archeological Survey had a party under Dr. Adan E. Treganza, research associate, excavating in sites in the Berryessa Valley in the Monticello Res- ervoir basin in Napa County, California. The area is an important one for linking known Indian groups with specific types of prehis- toric remains and the California party obtained valuable information. In the Columbia Basin a party from the University of Oregon, under the direction of Dr. L. S. Cressman, excavated several sites on the Oregon side of the river at The Dalles. At that locality there is a record of long occupation extending possibly from the closing days of the last glacial period to historic times. Dr. Cressman and his associates collected valuable data and interesting specimens in the course of their digging. On the Washington side of the Columbia River, above The Dalles, a party from the University of Washington under Warren Caldwell excavated at the Wakemap Mound, an im- portant site in the area because of its depth and stratified deposits. Parties from the University of Missouri, under the direction of Carl TH. Chapman, excavated at a number of sites in the Table Rock Res- ervoir area, on the White River in Missouri. They investigated five open village locations and one cave. At one site evidences were found for three different Indian occupations. Several cultural complexes

SECRETARY’S REPORT 53

were represented in the materials recovered by the excavations. The Table Rock area is important because of the large number of sites occurring there and the variety of cultures represented. It is the only area remaining in which extensive remains of the Ozark Bluff Dwellers are still to be found. Special funds were appropriated for fiscal 1956 for the Table Rock area and the University of Missouri will continue its operations there throughout the year. Mention has already been made of the work of the cooperating institutions in the Missouri Basin. The River Basin Surveys aided the field activities of those groups by the loan of vehicles and other equipment and in one instance by making a survey of the site and preparing a detailed map locating the numerous features involved. One other project in the Missouri Basin consisted of a basin-wide survey of archeologi- cal resources by Dr. Jesse D. Jennings of the University of Utah. That also was a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service and while it was not strictly a salvage undertaking, various phases of the survey had a direct bearing on the problems of salvage archeology. ARCHIVES

The Bureau archives continued during the year under the custody of Mrs. Margaret C. Blaker.

MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS

There has been increasing utilization of the manuscript collections of the Bureau during the year by students through personal visit, mail inquiry, and the purchase of photoreproductions. Approxi- mately 225 manuscripts were used by research workers as compared with 150 last year. Visitors frequently express surprise as well as considerable satisfaction at having located little-known, unpublished sources. Publication of at least a skeleton catalog of the collection is being considered.

Additions to the manuscript collection included the personal papers of Alice Cunningham Fletcher and her adopted son, Francis La Flesche, an Omaha Indian, which were deposited with the Bureau by Mrs. G. David Pearlman, Washington, D. C., on indefinite loan. Preliminary examination indicates that the collection contains little unpublished ethnographic data; its principal interest is biographical and historical.

Dr. Frances Densmore made several additions to her personal papers which are in the Bureau, the most substantial being her diaries for 1899 and 1905-50.

The following short manuscripts were received in the past year: 4467. Lyford, Carrie A. “Dolls of the American Indians.” N. d. (ca..1988). 40

pp., 40-50 illus. Deposited by Harry Lyford, brother of the author, Washington, D. C.

54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

4425. Whitaker, C. H. (U. S. Consul, Colén, Panama). “A Report on the Customs of the San Blas Indians.” 1954. 36 pp., 62 photographs, 1lmap. Forwarded by the U. S. Department of State.

4424, Witthoft, John. “Dakota (?) ‘Border and Box’ Painted Bison Robe.” 2 pp., 1 illus. Forwarded by the author.

A number of manuscripts received in previous years but heretofore uncataloged were arranged, described, and made available for ref- erence, reducing the backlog of such material by about one-third. In this group were the papers accumulated by Dr. John R. Swanton while acting as chairman of the United States De Soto Expedition Commission, 1935-39. ‘These papers contain an extensive series of photocopies of documents in Spanish archives.

Other manuscripts cataloged and now available for general ref- erence are as follows:

4430. Anonymous. Drawings of tipis and robes obtained by George Miller from an Omaha Indian. N.d.8 pp. Annotated by J. O. Dorsey.

4452. Anonymous. Drawings by Indians of the Southern Plains. Ca. 1880. In two ledger books of 104 numbered pages each. With one-page letter of transmittal from William H. Myer, Washington, D. C., June 3, 1952.

4442, Bonnerjea, Biren. “Folk-lore in Some Languages of Northern India.” Address to Anthropological Society of Washington, February, 1933. 18 pp.

4450. Capron, Louis. “The Hunting Dance of the Cow Creek Seminoles, Octo- ber 1946.” 11 pp., 8 illus.

4444. Carter, John G. (recorder). “Picture Writing of the North American Indians Translated by Richard Sandervilie, Chief Bull, a member of the Blackfeet tribe of Indians of Montana, at the Bureau of American Ethnology ... June 13 to June 18, 1934, from material furnished by the Bureau.” 27 pp., 5 illus.

4445. Carter, John G. “Statement of Robert Friday of Fort Washakie, Wyoming, member of Arapho tribal council, concerning his grandfather, Friday.” Washington, D. C., 1938. 3 pp., typed.

4446. Carter, John G. “Statements by Gilbert Day, a Shoshone Indian of Fort Washakie in regard to the Peyote Church among the Shoshone Indians.” Washington, D. C., 1988. 22 pp.

4447, Carter, John G. “Memorandum on the Proper Usage of the Word ‘Blackfoot’ or ‘Blackfeet’ as Applied to the Siksika, Kainah and Pikuni, or Blackfoot, Blood, and Piegan Tribes.” N.d. 8 pp.

4448. Carter, John G. “Big Snake, Oh-muck-see Sin-a-kwan, or Loud Voice, also Called Black Snake Man, a Piegan Indian Chief.” N.d. 15 pp.

4451. Cleveland, A.G. “The San Blas Coast.” N.d. T7 pp. Also miscellaneous items relating to the Cuna and Tule Indians, including a notebook of picture writing and 8 pp. of interpretations.

4438. Clifford, Capt. Walter. “The Indian Campaign of 1876.” Chapters written for the Rocky Mountain Husbandman. N. d. About 50 pp., unarranged.

“Notes at Random.” Journal, Oct. 6, 1879-Nov. 4, 1879. Copy. 15 pp.

4433. Cuoec, Jean Andre. Mohawk-French Dictionary. N. d. 1 Vol., 973 pp. Dialect spoken at Lake of Two Mountains, Caughnawaga, and St. Regis in Quebec, Canada.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 55

4436. Fenton, William Nelson. Papers accumulated while acting as representa- tive of the Smithsonian Institution on the Policy Board of the National Indian Institute, 1948-50. About 80 pp.

4429. Giroux, Louis J. “Sketch of the Mayo and Yaqui Indians, who are helping to fight Carranza.” . Nogales, Ariz (sic), 1920. 5 pp.

4463. Harrington, John P. “The Indian Place Names of Maine.’ 1949. 2 boxes, contents itemized in catalog.

4421. Genealogical chart by Hewitt showing his ancestory. 3 oversize sheets.

4459. (Lee, Dale?). Field plans and profiles of Murphy Mound, North Carolina. N. d. (W. P. A. period.) Miscellaneous oversize sheets in 1 roll.

4435. Newcomb, Franc J. “Navaho Ceremonies.” Observations made on Navaho Reservation, Newcomb, N. Mex., 1939. About 80 pp., with snapshots, drawings, and botanical samples.

4441. (Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe?). “The Age of Science: A Satire in Ten Numbers.” Verses to Washington Irving, George Bancroft, B. Butler, John Torrey, Frederick Hall, Dr. Skinner, Charles F. Hoffman, John A. Dix, Henry Inman, and Lewis Cass. 1840. About 42 pp.

4437. Snider, G. L. “A Maker of Shavings.” Manuscript based on information from Edward Forte, known to the Indians of Standing Rock Agency as Chau Cozhepa (A Maker of Shavings), formerly First Sgt., Troop “D,” 7th Cavalry, and said to be the last white man who talked with Sitting Bull. With miscellaneous notes, including 4-page statement by Set. Forte, 12-page letter from Forte to Frank Fiske, Oct. 21, 1932, and 4 photographs.

4432. Stirling, Matthew W. Field notes on archeological work in the vicinity of Mobridge, S. Dak., 1923, with extracts from various sources. 150-200 pp.

4439. Swanton, John R. “The Psi Capacities.” Discussion of extrasensory

perception. Ca.1950. 94 pp.

4443. Tauber, Charles. “Entzifferung der Osterinsel-Hieroglyphen.” 86 pp. (In German.)

4434. Taylor, Douglas. “Notes on the Carib of Dominica.” Text, notes, an- thropometric data, photographs, drawings, and correspondence received 1938-40.

4440. Verrill, John. “Results of Preliminary Survey of the Archeology and Ethnology of the Atrato Valley of Colombia, South America.” 27 pp. Cuna glossary, 8 pp. Glossary with ethnographic notes, tribe uniden- fied, 11 pp. 5 maps. About 59 snapshots of Cuna and Choco Indians, with 8 pp. of captions and background information. N. d. Received 1933.

4431. Woodbury, George. “Preliminary Report on Excavation of Mortuary Mounds in Brevard County, Florida East Coast.” Archeological Report of CWA Project 5-F-70, Dec. 18, 1933-Feb. 15, 1934. 12 pp., 11 maps, about 200 photographs (mainly uncaptioned).

Additional progress was made in the amplification of the catalog by preparing new and detailed descriptions of manuscripts that had been only briefly listed in the original catalog many years ago. The usefulness of the catalog has been increased by cross-referencing the additional subjects.

A number of nonmanuscript items, which had previously been housed in the archives, were transferred to more suitable repositories.

370930—56——5

56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Among these were wax cylinder recordings of Indian songs, which were transferred to the Bureau’s record deposit in the music division of the Library of Congress. Ten cylinders contained Hopi songs recorded about 1900 and bore descriptive labels largely unintelligible except to a specialist in the Hopi language. Dr. Frederick Dock- stader, a Hopi specialist, assisted in the interpretation of these labels before the recordings were sent to the Library.

A collection of mounted plant specimens unrelated to ethnological studies collected by Dr. A. E. Jenks early in his professional career were transferred to the University of Minnesota, with which Dr. Jenks was long associated.

PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS

Public interest in the photographic collections continues to grow. Additions to the photographic collection included an album of photo- graphs relating principally to Indians made by William S. Soulé in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, Kans., Camp Supply, Okla., and Fort Sill, Okla., in 1867-74. Although numerous examples of the fine work of this frontier photographer have long been in the Bureau, and have appeared in Bureau publications, the new volume is notable in that it belonged to the photographer and contains captions written by him. It also contains a number of prints not previously received, including a likeness of Soulé himself. The photographs were pre- sented by Miss Lucia A. Soulé of Boston, the daughter of the photog- rapher.

A group of 32 negatives made on the Madeira, Tapajoz, and Xingt Rivers, Brazil, in 1911-12, were presented by the photographer, Francisco von Teuber, engineer. They include views of the country and the Indians of the region.

Copy negatives were made for the Bureau files of a number of photographs from the personal collection of the late A. K. Fisher, well-known naturalist. The photographs were lent by Dr. Fisher’s daughter-in-law, Mrs. Walter K. Fisher, of Pacific Grove, Calif., before she donated Dr. Fisher’s personal papers, including photo- graphs, to the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress.

Photographs copied include views of Tlingit and Haida villages on the Alaskan coast and of habitations at Plover Bay, Siberia, all made on the Harriman Expedition to Alaska in 1899. A few photographs of Hawaiians made by H. W. Henshaw about 1900 and a series of photos made and collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico in 1902 were also copied.

A group of commercial portraits of Indians, collected by Gen. E. R. Kellogg while in command at Fort Washakie, Wyo., about 1891, was donated by his daughter, Mrs. Robert Newbegin, of Toledo, Ohio.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 57

Two important sets of photographs were obtained for reference purposes from other institutions (which retain the negatives and the right to grant publication permission). The first is a set of 86 photographs of paintings of Indians by Paul Kane and a microfilm copy of Kane’s sketchbook, made on his trip across the continent to the Pacific Northwest in 1845-48. The photographs were purchased from the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, which owns the original paintings. The second reference collection con- sists of approximately 400 copy prints of photographs relating to the Indians of the Plains made by Stanley J. Morrow in the 1870’s and 1880’s. The prints were received from the W. H. Over Museum of the University of South Dakota, through the River Basin Surveys.

In addition to photographs recently received from sources outside the Bureau, a collection of some 1,000 photographic prints made in the years 1880-1905 and representing about 1380 Indian tribes was transferred from the photographic laboratory. A number of re- searchers have benefited this year from the newly available material, and copy negatives are being made as required.

Another project making available additional photographic re- sources in the Bureau was begun in the past year. It was found that a number of former staff members and collaborators had deposited rather extensive series of snapshot and other small negatives. Most of these were in labeled jackets, now deteriorating, and were without prints.

Prints were requisitioned for some 260 of James Mooney’s negatives of Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche, Navaho, and Cherokee; by the end of the year about half of these had been sorted and arranged with proper identification, and placed in protective vinylfilm albums. It is hoped that in time similar groups of photographs by M. C. Steven- son, W. J. McGee, W. H. Holmes, F. W. Hodge, A. E. Jenks, J. O. Dorsey, and others may be processed in the same way.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Throughout the year work was continued by E. G. Schumacher, illustrator, on drawings, charts, maps, diagrams, and sundry other illustrative tasks concerning the publications and work of the Bureau of American Ethnology, including the River Basin Surveys. He also made a variety of drawings for other branches of the Institution.

EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS

There were issued 1 Annual Report and 4 Bulletins, as follows:

Seventy-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1953-1954. 1i-+17 pp. 1955.

58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Bulletin 157. Anthropological Papers, Nos. 48-48. iii+415 pp., 76 pls., 23 figs. 1955.

No. 43. Stone monuments of the Rio Chiquito, Veracruz, Mexico, by Matthew W. Stirling.

No. 44. The Cerro de las Mesas offering of jade and other materials, by Philip Drucker.

No. 45. Archeological materials from the vicinity of Mobridge, South Da- kota, by Waldo R. Wedel.

No. 46. The original Strachey vocabulary of the Virginia Indian language, by John P. Harrington.

No. 47. The Sun Dance of the Northern Ute, by J. A. Jones.

No. 48. Some manifestations of water in Mesoamerican art, by Robert L. Rands.

Bulletin 158. River Basin Surveys Paper No. 7. Archeological investigations in the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota, 1950-51, by Donald J. Lehmer. xi+190 pp., 22 pls., 56 figs. 6 maps. 1954.

Bulletin 159. The horse in Blackfoot Indian culture, with comparative mate- rial from other western tribes, by John C. Ewers. xv+374 pp., 17 pls., 33 figs., 1955.

Bulletin 160. A ceramic study of Virginia archeology, by Clifford Evans. With an appendix: An analysis of projectile points and large blades, by C. G. Hol- land. viii+196 pp., 30 pls., 23 figs., 1 chart. 1955.

The following publications were in press at the close of the fiscal year:

Bulletin 161. Seminole music, by Frances Densmore.

Bulletin 162. Guaymi grammar, by Ephraim S. Alphonse.

Bulletin 168. The Diné: Origin myths of the Navaho Indians, by Aileen O’Bryan.

Publications distributed totaled 24,533 as compared with 21,222 for the fiscal year 1954. COLLECTIONS Ace. No. 202531. Archeological materials consisting of potsherds collected by Dr. Matthew W. Stirling on Taboguilla Island in 1953. 203786. Insects, 95 mammals, and 15 marine invertebrates from Southampton and Coats Islands collected by National Geographic Society, National Museum of Canada, and Smithsonian Institution Expedition, 1954, led by Dr. Henry B. Collins. 204571. 385 plants collected by James Mooney at Cherokee Reservation, Qualla, N. C., in 1888. 205978. Models of heraldry, peyote and game equipment, collected by James Mooney among the Kiowa Indians. 206445. 1 badger from New Mexico.

FROM RIVER BASIN SURVEYS

202185. Archeological material from the Allatoona Reservoir area on the Etowah River, Cherokee, Bartow, and Cobb Counties, Ga.

202358. 827 specimens of archeological material consisting of potsherds, copper, stone, bone, and shell objects, from 3 sites in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Pottawatomie County, Kans., collected by Missouri Basin Project field parties in 1952-53.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 59

202532. 120 archeological specimens from site 35-WS-5, Dalles Reservoir on Columbia River, Wasco County, Oreg.

202537. Archeological materials from the Conomaugh Reservoir, Pennsylvania, scattered sites in. Marshall and Wetzel Counties, W. Va., and Cheatham and Old Hickory Reservoirs, Tenn., collected by Ralph S. Solecki, 1950 and 1954.

203964. Archeological material from 2 sites in Cachuma Reservoir areas on Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara County, Calif.

205436. Archeological material in and about Broncho Reservoir, Mercer County ; Dickenson Reservoir Area, Stark County; Kochler site, Heart Butte Reservoir, Grant County, all in North Dakota.

205437. 21,046 archeological specimens from 2 sites in Oahe Reservoir, Stanley County, S. Dak.

2054388. Archeological material from sites in and about Garrison Reservoir, in Dunn, Mercer, McLean, Mountrail, and Williams Counties, N. Dak.

205526. 797 archeological specimens from Allatoona Reservoir area, Cherokee County, Ga.

206347. 3,648 archeological specimens from Montana, collected by the Missouri Basin Project.

MISCELLANEOUS

Dr. Frances Densmore, Dr. John R. Swanton, Dr. Antonio J. Waring, Jr., and Ralph S. Solecki continued as collaborators of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Dr. John P. Harrington is continu- ing his researches with the Bureau as research associate. On April 12, 1955, Sister M. Inez Hilger, an ethnologist and a teacher at the School of Nursing, Saint Cloud Hospital, Saint Cloud, Minn., was appointed an honorary research associate of the Smithsonian Institution.

Information was furnished during the past year by members of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning the American Indians, past and present, of both continents. The increased number of requests from teachers, particularly from primary and secondary grades, from Scout organizations, and from the general public, indi- cates a continuously growing interest in the American Indian. Vari- ous specimens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them furnished for their owners.

Respectfully submitted.

M. W. Stiruine, Director.

Dr. Lronarp CARMICHAEL,

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

Report on the Astrophysical Observatory

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the Astrophysical Observatory for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955:

The Astrophysical Observatory includes two research divisions: the Division of Astrophysical Research, for the study of solar radiation, and the Division of Radiation and Organisms, for investigations dealing with radiation as it bears directly or indirectly upon bio- logical problems. Three shops, for metalwork, for woodwork, and for optical and electronic work, are maintained in Washington to prepare special equipment for both divisions.

On November 20, 1954, I reached the mandatory age for retirement. No successor having been chosen at that time, however, I was asked to continue in office pending the installation of a new director. Dr. Fred L. Whipple, professor of astronomy at Harvard University, will become Director of the Astrophysical Observatory effective July 1, 1955. At Dr. Whipple’s request, A. G. Froiland, director of the Table Mountain station, was transferred to Washington to act as liaison officer.

DIVISION OF ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH

During the fiscal year 1955 the two high-altitude observing sta- tions, Montezuma in northern Chile and Table Mountain in southern California, remained in continuous operation.

Work in Washington—The cooperative work with the U. S. Weather Bureau, mentioned in last year’s report, was continued. ‘This concerned the calibration of Eppley pyrheliometers and the simplifi- cation and automatic recording of silver-disk pyrheliometry. The progress of this work is summarized in two papers by T. H. MacDonald and Norman B. Foster, published in the Monthly Weather Review for August 1954 and February 1955.

The loss of William H. Hoover, whose sudden death in September 1953 was recorded in last year’s report, has continued to delay not only the preparation and testing of improved equipment but also the statistical studies of field observations normally carried on in Wash- ington. No one has been appointed to succeed Mr. Hoover since it was felt that the new director should choose his own staff.

Orders were received during the year from interested institutions and laboratories for three silver-disk pyrheliometers and five modi- fied Angstrom pyrheliometers. Preparation and calibration of these

60

SECRETARY’S REPORT 61

instruments are nearly completed. In addition, silver-disk SI+69 was repaired, recalibrated, and returned to the Servicio Meteoroldégico National, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and modified Angstrém SI#12 was built, calibrated, and forwarded in March 1955 to the Meteorolo- gisches Observatorium, Hamburg, Germany. Silver-disk SI#¢52 was received in March 1955 from the University of Miinster in dam- aged condition. Repairs and recalibrations are in progress. In May 1955, modified Angstrém SI2t13 was lent to Drs. P. R. Gast and Ralph Stair for temporary use on Sacramento Peak, N. Mex.

Work in the field —The quality of the slies at our two field obsery- ing stations during the current year proved inferior to the average of previous years. At Montezuma, our high-altitude station in north- ern Chile, the sky pollution due to the smelting operations at nearby copper mines, mentioned in last year’s report, continued unabated. A study of the average quality of the sky before and after starting the smelters (in March 1953) shows the magnitude of the pollution. A summary by months, covering the period 1940-55, shows that in each of the 12 months, the direct solar beam (at solar altitude of 30°) has been reduced between 1 and 7 percent since the smelters started. The sky brightness around the sun on the same days increased between 1.3- and 2.6-fold after the smelters started. A summary of long-method observations during the same period indicates that the direct solar beam after the smelters started decreased some 2 to 6 percent and the sky brightness increased 1.6- to 2.5-fold. The atmospheric trans- mission coefficients show the following change at the wavelengths indicated :

Wavelength 0.39, a decrease of 2 to 7.5 percent. Wavelength 0.61y, a decrease of 1.5 to 4.5 percent. Wavelength 0.97, a decrease of 1 to 2 percent.

As a result of the variable daily output of gas and smoke from the smelters, Montezuma skies are now definitely less uniform than formerly.

At Table Mountain we have noted for some years a gradual increase in the amount of smog from the Los Angeles area, which rises at in- tervals above the level of Table Mountain. As civilization expands it becomes increasingly difficult to find high-altitude locations that combine clearness, dryness, and uniformity of skies with accessibility and bearable living conditions.

Publications—During the current year the following publications concerned with the work of the Division of Astrophysical Research appeared :

Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, volume 7, [July 7], 1954. Pyrheliometer calibration program of the U. S. Weather Bureau, by T. H. Mac-

Donald and Norman B. Foster. Month. Weather Rey., vol. 82, No. 8, August 1954.

62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

A method for the measurement of atmospheric ozone using the absorption of ozone in the visible spectrum, by Oliver R. Wulf and James E. Zimmerman. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 123, No. 8, October 27, 1954.

Concerning Smithsonian pyrheliometry, by C. G. Abbot, L. B. Aldrich, and A. G. Froiland. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 123, No. 5, November 2, 1954.

Silver-disk pyrheliometry simplified, by Norman B. Foster and T. H. MacDonald. Month. Weather Rev., vol. 83, No. 2, February 1955.

Washington, D. C., precipitation of 1954 and 1955, by C. G. Abbot. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 128, No. 2, March 1, 1955.

Sixty-year weather forecasts, by C. G. Abbot. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 128, No. 3, April 28, 1955.

Periodic solar variation, by C. G. Abbot. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 128, No. 4. June 14, 1955.

DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS

(Prepared by R. B. WITHROW, Chief of the Division)

The work of the Division of Radiation and Organisms was con- cerned with three general areas of biological research during the year: (1) the photocontrol of the formative and developmental processes in plant growth; (2) the inhibition and potentiation of X-ray damage by red and far-red visible and near infrared energy; and (3) the mecha- nism of action of the plant hormone, auxin, in the control of growth.

1.—Sunlight exercises its effect on plants chiefly through two groups of photochemical or light reactions. The first is a high-energy process and provides the plant’s food supply, converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through the synthesis of simple carbon com- pounds. The second group, which is one of the areas of the Division’s research, involves the photocontrol of the formative growth processes, which require relatively little energy but are just as essential to the normal functioning of plant life as is carbohydrate synthesis. These Jatter photochemical reactions control the development of stems, leaves, and reproductive structures, and are most actively promoted by light from the red end of the visible spectrum. This formative action of the red can be blocked by irradiation with energy from the far-red im- mediately adjacent to the red.

Previously the laboratory had established that the region of maxi- mum effectiveness in promoting the normal formative processes in seedling development is at 6605 my, in the red, the results substanti- ating those of other laboratories investigating seed germination and flower-bud initiation. This year the photoreversal reaction involving the blocking of the formative processes has been found to have two maxima in the far-red at 710 and 730 mp, with a minimum of 480 mu. Several rather poorly defined secondary maxima occur at 520 to 550 my and 650 my. Since the maximum efficiency of the far-red energy occurs about 1.5 hours after the end of the red irradiation period rather than immediately following, the results are indicative that the

SECRETARY’S REPORT 63

far-red energy interferes with the developmental process by acting cn a product of the photochemical reaction initiated by the red energy. These studies have all been done on seedlings of the bean plant, using the changes in growth of the bean hypocotyl hook as an assay of the growth regulating effects of the radiant energy.

2.—One of the first evidences of damage to living organisms by any form of ionizing radiation, including X-rays, is the breaking of the threadlike hereditary structures of the cell known as chromosomes. It has been found that if X-rays are preceded by exposure to red visi- ble light, the incidence of X-ray-induced chromosome damage is mark- edly reduced on the order of 30 to 50 percent. If, on the other hand, the X-rays are preceded by exposure to radiant energy from the far- red or near infrared, the damage is potentiated by these wavelengths by as much as 30 to 40 percent at the energy levels used. The plant material employed for these studies was the root-tip cells of broad bean (Vicia faba), the chromosomes of which are extremely sensitive to X-ray damage.

Work is now in progress to study the mechanism of these reactions of inhibition and potentiation of X-ray damage and how the results may be applied to the mediation of the damaging effects of ionizing radiations. The medical implications of these findings are extremely important in the control of damage by ionizing radiation and in cancer therapy.

3.—Auxin, the only plant hormone isolated to date, controls certain phases of the growth process such as cell elongation. The effects of auxin may be produced or modified by a number of growth-regulating chemicals, including the common weed killers and other materials used for controlling rooting of plants, fruit set, and sprouting.

Although auxin has been identified for many years as indole acetic acid, it has not been possible to quantitatively measure its activity on any metabolic function and biological assay methods have been used in the past to determine auxin activity. During the past year, how- ever, using differential centrifugation methods to fractionate plant tissues, it has been found that the fraction remaining after sediment- ing cell walls, nuclear material, mitochondria, plastids, and other par- ticles within this size range, contains an enzyme system which, on the addition of auxin, brings about a marked oxygen consumption. The rute of auxin activity can be measured quantitatively on this cell-free fraction. Avocado fruit tissue is being used as the experimental] plant material. Studies are now in progress to determine the initial bio- chemical steps of the process.

Respectfully submitted.

L. B. Aupricu, Director.

Dr. Leonarp CaRMICHAEL,

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

Report on the National Collection of Fine Arts

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the activi- ties of the National Collection of Fine Arts for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955:

SMITHSONIAN ART COMMISSION

The 32d annual meeting of the Smithsonian Art Commission was held in the Regents Room of the Smithsonian Building on Tuesday, December 7, 1954. Members present were: Paul Manship, chairman; Robert Woods Bliss, vice chairman; Leonard Carmichael, secretary (member, ex officio) ; John Nicholas Brown, Gilmore D. Clarke, David K. Finley, Lloyd Goodrich, Walker Hancock, George Hewitt Myers, Charles H. Sawyer, Archibald G. Wenley, Lawrence Grant White, Andrew Wyeth, and Mahonri Young. Thomas M. Beggs, director, and Paul V. Gardner, curator of ceramics, National Collection of Fine Arts, were also present.

Resolutions on the deaths of George H. Edgell (June 27, 1954), and Reginald Marsh (July 3, 1954), members of the Commission, and of Ruel P. Tolman (August 24, 1954), former director of the National Collection of Fine Arts, were submitted and adopted.

The Commission recommended to the Smithsonian Board of Regents the names of Bartlett Hayes to succeed Mr. Edgell, whose term ex- pires in 1955, and Stow Wengenroth to succeed Mr. Marsh, whose term expired in 1954. The Commission also recommended the re- election of Gilmore D. Clarke and Andrew Wyeth for the next 4-year period.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Paul Man- ship, chairman; Robert Woods Bliss, vice chairman; and Leonard Carmichael, secretary.

The following were elected members of the executive committee for the ensuing year: David E. Finley, chairman, Robert Woods Bliss, Gilmore D. Clarke, and George Hewitt Myers. Paul Manship, as chairman of the Commission, and Leonard Carmichael, as secre- tary of the Commission, are ex officio members of the executive committee.

Dr. Carmichael explained briefly the main points of the Smith- sonian building program, especially in relation to proposed improve- ments in Southwest Washington, and displayed models of Smithsonian

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SECRETARY’S REPORT 65

structures, existing and contemplated. Salient features of the pro- posed National Air Museum were pointed out.

Mr. Goodrich recalled that recommendations for early erection of a Smithsonian Gallery of Art.had been made in the report on Gov- ernment and Art by the Fine Arts Commission, in the report by the Committee on Government and Art, of which Mr. Goodrich is chair- man, and in the minority report of the hearings on the Howell and 12 other bills offered in the 83d Congress. Mr. Goodrich’s motion that the Smithsonian Art Commission recommend to the Board of Regents that it go on record as favoring the early construction of a Smithsonian Gallery of Art was unanimously approved.

Dr. Carmichael and Mr. Beggs reviewed accomplishments during the year, making particular mention of the exchange of traveling ex- hibitions with foreign countries and the urgent need for the proposed Smithsonian Gallery of Art building to provide necessary office, as- sembling, and exhibition space for its distinguished temporary shows as well as to house the permanent collections.

The Commission accepted the following objects:

Oil, The Bathers, by Robert Reid, N. A. (1862-1929). Gift of Mrs. Francis Marion Wigmore, in memory of her husband. Accepted for the National Col- lection of Fine Arts.

Oil, The Rapids, by W. Elmer Schofield, N. A. (1867-1944). Henry Ward Ranger Bequest. Accepted for the National Collection of Fine Arts.

Oil, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Europe, 1949, by Capt. Sir Oswald Birley (1880-1952). Gift of British friends of the artist to the people of the United States. Accepted for the National Portrait Gallery.

Pastel, Huichol Indian, by Anton Sario. Presented through the Department of State. Accepted for the Smithsonian Institution with recommendation that it be assigned to the Bureau of American Ethnology.

TRANSFERS ACCEPTED

One gold necklace set with 30 garnets; a round-headed fibula with garnet inlay; a brooch; an amethyst ball pendant framed in gold with garnets; a gold ring studded with 3 garnets; a Y-shaped fibula, and a coin of Constantine II (3817-340), were transferred from the Department of State on September 21, 1954.

Three heroic-size oil portraits by Chester Harding (1792-1866), George Washington, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson, were trans- ferred from the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on November 24, 1954.

One unframed watercolor, Miinich Model, by William H. Holmes (1846-1933), was transferred from the United States National Museum (Division of Graphic Arts) on December 8, 1954.

66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

WITHDRAWALS BY OWNERS

Two oil portraits, Gen. John J. Pershing and Adm. William S. Sims, by E. Hodgson Smart, lent in 1932 by the artist, were released on August 17, 1954, to James Shenos, in accordance with a court decision.

Two pastel portraits of George and Martha Washington, by James Sharples, lent in 1934 by Mrs. Robert E. Lee, Dr. George Bolling Lee, Mrs. Hanson FE. Ely, Jr., and Mrs. William Hunter de Butts, were withdrawn and delivered to the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union on September 14, 1954.

Two miniatures, Unknown Gentleman, by Robert Field, and Mr. W., by an undetermined artist, lent in 1952 by Mr. and Mrs. Ruel P. Tolman, were withdrawn by Mrs. Tolman on April 4, 1955.

An oil portrait of George Washington, by Charles Willson Peale, lent in 1914 by John S. Beck, was withdrawn by Mrs. Beck through her attorney, Robert S. Bains, on May 26, 1955.

A miniature of Martha “Patty” Custis, painted at Mount Vernon in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale, lent anonymously in 1934, was with- drawn on June 15, 1955.

ART WORKS LENT

The following art works were lent for varying periods:

To the City Art Museum of St. Louis for its Westward America Exhibition, October 23 to December 6, 1954; then forwarded to the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minn., for a special exhibition, January 14 to February 28, 1955 (shipped September 21, 1954) :

Cliffs of the Upper Colorado River, Wyoming Territory, by Thomas Moran. (Returned March 8, 1955.)

To the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pa., for its 150th Anniversary Exhibition, January 15 through March 13, 1955:

Cardinal Mercier, by Cecilia Beaux. (Returned April 8, 1955.)

Man in White (Dr. Henry S. Drinker), by Cecilia Beaux. (Later included in a selec- tion of paintings from the 150th Anniversary Exhibition for an 8-month European tour sponsored by the U.S. Information Agency.)

To the White House, Washington, D. C.:

September 17, 1954_________ Summer, by Charles H. Davis.

Sundown, by George Inness.

Niagara, by George Inness. (Returned Novem- ber 30, 1954.)

Temple Mountain, by Chauncey F. Ryder. (Returned November 30, 1954.)

October 22; 1954_-. 2-2 ss — Wild Parsley, by Sarah Paxton Ball Dodson.

Evening on the Seine, by Homer Martin.

Fired On, by Frederic Remington. (Returned November 30, 1954.)

SECRETARY’S REPORT 67

Aprilli20 1 95p==s—= eee ae Groton Long Point Dunes, by Henry Ward Ranger. Shinnecock Hills, by William M. Chase. Mountain Scene, by Frederick Edwin Church. (Returned May 2, 1955.) Tohickon, by Daniel Garber. (Returned May 2, 1955.) November, by Dwight W. Tryon. (Returned May 2, 1955.) Marvel Sit Don see nee ee George Washington, by William Winstanley, after Stuart. Mountain Scene, by Frederick Edwin Church. To the Supreme Court, Washington, D. C.: October: 292195422 ee Mountain Scene, by I. Diday. Scene from the “Gentlemen of France,” by Antoine Etex. The Wreck, by Harrington Fitzgerald. Landscape, by Herman Saftleven. One Day in June, by William Thomas Smedley. Mountain Scene, by Frederick Edwin Church, (Returned November 26, 1954.) The Mysterious Woods, by Roswell M. Shurt- leff. (Returned November 26, 1954.) Rockwell Studio, by Macowin Tuttle. (Re- turned November 26, 1954.) To the U. S. Court of Military Appeals, Washington, D.C.: November 24, 1954--_ =. == Andrew Jackson, by Chester Harding. George Washington, by Chester Harding. To the Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.: Mancheli 1 O55 se aries Temple Mountain, by Chauncey F. Ryder. The Mysterious Woods, by Roswell M. Shurtleff. Abraham Lincoln, by George H. Story. Fog, by James Craig Nicoll. The Figurine, by William M. Paxton. Late Afternoon near Providence, by Joseph F. Cole. A Group of Elk, Wind River Mountains, Wyo- ming, by Edwin W. Deming. The Cornfield, by Henry Ward Ranger. (Re turned May 23, 1955.) The Grand Canal, Venice, by Gabrini. (Re- turned May 23, 1955.) Marshlands at Sundown, by Alice Pike Barney. (From the Smithsonian Lending Collection.) To the Barney Neighborhood House, Washington, D. C.: Manchy 20s 90pm aaa s ee Lady in White, by an undetermined artist. Three fans from the DeArcos Collection. Eight items from the Eddy Collection. Three items from the Pell Collection. To the Octagon House, Washington, D. C., for the National Trust Tour: AprillG 19552. euee we eee The Signing of the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814, by Sir Amedee Forestier. (Re- turned to the U.S. District Court on April 18, 1955.)

68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

To the Bureau of the Budget, Washington, D. C.: April 1900s. s2 eae Shallow wall case. (Returned May 27, 1955.) June 29) 31956: Eo eee eee Gen. Dwight D. Hisenhower, by Capt. Sir Oswald Birley. Mists of the Morning, by George Glenn Newell.

LOANS RETURNED

Oil, Prince Kammochi Saionji, by Charles Hopkinson, lent May 5, 1954, to the Institute of Contemporary Arts, Boston, Mass., was re- turned July 6, 1954.

Oil, portrait of Dr. George F. Becker, by Fedor Encke, lent April 17, 1953, to the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., was returned July 23, 1954.

Two oils, Fired On, by Frederic Remington, and Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, by Emanuel Leutze, lent April 16, 1954, to the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebr., were returned July 26, 1954.

Model of prize-winning design for the Smithsonian Gallery of Art, by Ehel Saarinen, lent October 1, 1953, to the American Institute of Architects, Washington, D. C., was returned September 16, 1954.

Wash drawing, The Devil’s Tower from Johnston’s, Crook County, Wyoming, by Thomas Moran, lent December 18, 1953, to the Smith- sonian Traveling Exhibition Service, was returned October 11, 1954.

Two oils, A Group of Elk, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, by Edwin W. Deming, lent December 8, 1953, and Tohikon, by Daniel Garber, lent February 2, 1954, to the Supreme Court, Washington, D.C., were returned November 26, 1954.

SMITHSONIAN LENDING COLLECTION

Two paintings, The Dimple and Waterlily, by Alice Pike Barney, were returned by the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebr., on July 26, 1954.

Oil, Where Desert and Mountain Meet, by Evylena Nunn Miller (1888— ),a gift of Joseph S. Wade, was accepted December 7, 1954, for the Smithsonian Lending Collection to be exhibited in the Geology Hall, Natural History Building.

Ten paintings by Edwin Scott—La Concorde; Marine; Place de la Concorde No. 2; Porte Saint Martin No. 1; Rue de Village; Rue des Pyramides; Rue San Jacques, Paris; St. Germain des Pres No. 1; The Seine at Paris, Pont de la Concorde; and Self Portrait—lent to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, on January 18, 1954—were returned on January 18, 1955.

ALICE PIKE BARNEY MEMORIAL FUND

Additions to principal during the year totaling $2,608.44 have in- creased the total invested sums in this fund to $34,603.85.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 69

THE HENRY WARD RANGER FUND

According to a provision in the Ranger bequest that paintings pur- chased by the Council of the National Academy of Design from the fund provided by the Henry Ward Ranger bequest and assigned to American art institutions may be claimed during the 5-year period beginning 10 years after the death of the artist represented, one paint- ing, The Rapids, by W. Elmer Schofield, N. A. (1867-1944), was recalled and accepted by the Smithsonian Art Commission at its meeting on December 7, 1954.

The following paintings, purchased by the Council of the National Academy of Design since the last report, have been assigned as follows:

Title and Artist

Assignment

163. Still Life in Winter (watercolor), Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. by Charles E. Burchfield N. A. (1893- )S 164. Head of Red Moore, by HBugene Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Buffalo, Speicher, N. A. (1883- ye NGS 165. Tuscany, by Ogden M. Pleissner, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati,

N. A. (1905- Vis

. Tree Forms, by Sidney Laufman,

N. A. (1891- Ne

. The Falls of Schuylkill, by Walter

Stuempfig, A. N. A. 1914- ).

. Ryder’s House, by Edward Hopper

(1882- De

. Sunset Cornwall (watercolor), by

Gordon Grant, N. A. (1875- ).

Ohio.

Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, N. Y.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.

Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, N. Y.

170. Alviso Slough (watercolor), by Staten Island Institute of Arts and Maurice Logan (18&86— Ve Sciences, Staten Island, N. Y. 171. Grape Hill, Manayunk, by Giovanni JButler Art Institute, Youngstown,

Martino, N. A. (1908- ys

Ohio.

172. Still Life with Ground Pink, by ‘Springfield Art Museum, Springfield, Eugene R. Witten (1920- ). Mo.

173. Study of a Young Man, by Nancy Art Museum of the New Britain Ellen Craig (1927- Ne Institute, New Britain, Conn.

174. Circus Performers, by Ben Kami- (Not yet assigned.)

hira (1925-_—s+)..

. West 4th Street (watercolor), by

verri Ricci, A. N. A. (1916- ).

Farnsworth Museum, Vellesley Col- lege, Wellesley, Mass.

176. On Strike, by Robert A. Hitch (1920—- (Not yet assigned). is

177. Still Life #98, by Robert Brackman, The Parrish Art Museum, South- N. A. (1898- We ampton, Long Island, N. Y.

178. San Barnaba, by Louis Bosa, N. A. Art Association of Indianapolis, (1905-— Ne Jobn Herron Art Institute, Indian-

apolis, Ind. 179. The Eviction, by Everett Shinn, Wilmington Society of Fine Arts,

N. A. (1876-1953).

Wilmington, Del.

70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

No. 7, Shrine of the Rain Gods, by E. Irving Couse, N. A. (1866- 1936), permanently assigned to the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, in 1946, was returned to the National Academy of Design and reassigned to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York, N. Y., as its absolute property, on May 31, 1955.

No. 107, The Blue Jar, by Cullen Yates, N. A. (1886-1945), as- signed to the Portland Art Association, Portland, Oreg., in 1933, was reassigned to the Norfolk Museum of Art and Sciences, Norfolk, Va., on November 16, 1954.

No. 150, End of Winter, by A. Lassell Ripley (1896- ), was assigned to the High Museum, Atlanta, Ga., on June 18, 1954.

SMITHSONIAN TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE

Sixty-three exhibitions were circulated during the past season, 52 in the United States and 11 abroad, as follows:

UNITED STATES

Paintings and Drawings

Title Source

American Indian Painting__________ Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa.

American Natural Painters__.______- Galerie St. Etienne and private collec- tors.

Austrian Drawings and Prints_____- Albertina, Vienna; Austrian Embassy.

Paintings by Austrian Children____- Superintendent of Schools in Vienna; Austrian Embassy.

Paintings by George Catlin_________ Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology.

Children’s Paintings from Forty-five Embassy of Denmark; Friendship Among

Countries. Children, and Youth Organization. Children’s Paintings from Japan_._._. United Nations Educational, Scientific,

and Cultural Organization. Chinese Paintings, by Tseng Yu-ho__._ Art Institute of Chicago; artist.

Contemporary American Drawings__. American Academy of Arts and Letters; artists.

Kthiopianweaintings 22 2 eee eee George Washington University; Dr. Bruce Howe; Embassy of Ethiopia.

Huseli, Drawings see. eee Pro Helvetia Foundation, Zurich; Lega-

tion of Switzerland. Watercolors and Drawings by Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore; Rosen-

Gavarni, wald Collection, National Gallery of Art. German Drawings and Watercolors__ Dr. Charlotte Weidler ; artist. Gloria ais yo eee ee ee British Embassy; artist, John Piper. Goya Drawings and Prints__________ Prado and Galdiano Museums, Madrid;

Spanish Embassy; Rosenwald Collec- tion, National Gallery of Art. Winslow Homer Drawings___---_--_ Cooper Union Museum; American Acad- emy of Arts and Letters. Watercolors and Prints by Redouté__ Luxembourg State Museum; private col- lectors; Legation of Luxembourg.

SECRETARY’S REPORT Ta

Title Source 19th Century American Paintings Maxim Karolik; Museum of Fine Arts, from the Karolik Collection. Boston. Contemporary Swedish Paintings___.. National Museum, Stockholm; Swedish ‘ Embassy. Swedish Children’s Paintings________ National Museum, Stockholm; Swedish Embassy. Painters of Venezuela______________- Ministry of Education at Caracas; Pan

American Union. Birds of Argentina by Salvador Artist; Williams Foundation; American Magno. Museum of Natural History.

Graphic Arts

Title Source American Coloreerinte iss 22228 Library of Congress. Recent British Lithographs_________ British Council; British Embassy. Children’s Picture Books__---_-___— Washington Post Children’s Book Fair. Contemporary Japanese Prints______ Art Institute of Chicago; Japanese As- sociation of Creative Printmakers. Japanese Woodcuts_._--_-_.--_____- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Prints, 1942-19522 eee ee Brooks Memorial Art Gallery; artists. Southern California Serigraphs_____ Los Angeles County Museum; artists. Woodcuts by Antonio Frasconi______ The Print Club of Cleveland; The Cleve- land Museum of Art; Weyhe Gallery; artist. Architecture Title Source Newalbibraniess caret terete ie er 8 American Institute of Architects. The Re-Union of Architecture and American Institute of Architects. Engineering. Building in the Netherlands_________ Bond of Netherlands Architects and Bouwcentrum; Netherlands Embassy. TesCrystalePalacese 22.2 ae Smith College Museum of Art; Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. Design Title Source American Crattsmeny lease University of Illinois, Urbana.

American Jewelry and Related Ob- Huntington Galleries, Huntington, W. Va. jects.

Brazilian Landscape Architecture Brazilian Embassy; artist. New Designs by Roberto Burle

Marx. DutcheArtsrands Cratisesss se ee Department of Education, Art and Sci- ence in The Hague; Netherlands Embassy. Wifty Years of Danish Silver________ Georg Jensen, Inc.; Danish Embassy. TtalanvArtsvand, Crattseeess ew Compagnia Nazionale Artigiana, Rome;

Italian Embassy. 370930—56——_6

(2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Photography Title Source Ansel Adams Photographs 1933-1953_ Artist; George Eastman House, Roches- ter. Birds in Color by Dliot Porter____-_ Artist; American Museum of Natural History. Venetian Villas 322332 aE ee Se cee Soprintendenza ai Monumenti Medievali

e Moderni, Venice; Italian Hmbassy.

Folk Art Title Source

AAMOTIiGAN as 2122 Fok ea Sie Sa Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art.

Eskimo Art, I Eskimo Art, Inc.; Canadian Handicrafts

Eskimo Art, ‘| 2p). SE EROLR MOE o EB Guild ; Canadian Hmbassy.

Norwegian Decorative Painting___-__ Norwegian Artists Guild; Embassy of Norway.

Popular Art in the United States____ Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art.

The Art of the Spanish Southwest__._ Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art.

Oriental Art Title Source Chinese Gold and Silver from the Dr. Carl Kempe; Embassy of Sweden. Kempe Collection.

Ethnology Title Source Art and Magic in Arnhem Land__---_ Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. Carl Bodmer Paints the Indian Karl Viktor, Prinz zu Wied; German Frontier. Embassy. ABROAD Title Source American Primitive Paintings__---~- Museums; private collectors. Children’s Picture Books____-----_-.. Washington Post Children’s Book Fair. American Indian Painting___________ Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa, Okla. Americans@hnurchs (2) ee ee Design and Production; Mrs. Stephen Dorsey. The American Theatre (2) -~._-_-_____ Tom Lee Limited; ANTA. Community Art Centers (3) --_--_~- The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Contemporary American Glass______- Corning Museum of Glass, Corning Glass

Center, Corning, N. Y.

These displays were scheduled as an integral part of the programs of 145 museums and galleries, located in 39 States and the District of Columbia.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 73

INFORMATION SERVICE AND STAFF ACTIVITIES

In addition to the many requests for information received by mail and telephone, inquiries made in person at the office numbered 2,342. Examination was made of 774 works of art submitted for identifica- tion.

An article, “Harriet Lane Johnston and the National Collection of Fine Arts,” by Thomas M. Beggs, was prepared for the General Ap- pendix to the Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1954.

Special catalogs were published for the following seven exhibitions: American Primitive Paintings and Fifty Years of Danish Silver (published abroad) ; Austrian Drawings and Prints; Brazilian Land- scape Architecture by Roberto Burle Marx; Goya Drawings and Prints; Nineteenth Century American Paintings from the Maxim Karolik Collection; and Watercolors and Prints by Redouté. The last five contained acknowledgments written by Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope, chief of the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service.

At the invitation of its Foreign Office, Mr. Beggs was guest of the Federal Republic of Germany from October 18 to November 17, 1954, visiting leading museums and art centers.

Mr. Beggs served as sole juror of the Sixth Annual Exhibition of the Florida Artists Group at the Norton Gallery, West Palm Beach, Fla., and spoke at its symposium April 29 and 30, 1955. On March 21, he was one of two judges for the 22d Annual Exhibition of the Minia- ture Painters, Sculptors, and Gravers Society of Washington, D. C.

Paul Gardner, curator of ceramics, gave talks (illustrated) to the Garden Club, Largo, Md., on October 19, 1954, and the Arlington Branch of the American Association of University Women (gallery) on January 20, 1955. He served as one of the judges for the 24th Annual Photographic Salon at the Washington County Museum, Hagerstown, Md., on January 26, 1955.

Mrs. Pope visited 11 European countries, including England, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark, between June 4 and August 17, 1954. She discussed exhibitions from these countries for circulation in the United States and American exhibitions which might be sent abroad.

Mrs. Pope represented the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Serv- ice at the Southeastern Museums Conference held at Miami, Fla., Oc- tober 19-23, 1954, and also spoke at the opening of the Goya Drawings and Prints Exhibition at the City Art Museum, St. Louis, Mo., June 8-10, 1955. She attended the opening of the new wing at the J. B. Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Ky., and the opening of the Goya Drawings and Prints exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N. Y.

74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

An exhibition of 25 block prints, by Rowland Lyon, exhibits prepar- ator, opened at the Casa Americana Biblioteca in Madrid, Spain, on November 25, 1954, and later toured other Spanish cities. Mr. Lyon served on the juries of four local exhibitions. He gave a demon- stration on the Restoration of Oil Paintings at a meeting of the Society of Washinton Artists on October 6, 1954, was chairman of the May Arts Fair at the Arts Club on May 20, and acted as moderator at a panel discussion, “The Status of Washington Art,” held at the Workshop Center on May 22, 1955.

The canvases of 9 paintings in the permanent collection, and 10 bor- rowed from the U. S. National Museum for use in the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service, were cleaned and varnished. Twenty- one frames were renovated for use for permanent or loan exhibitions.

Fluorescent lights were installed in 7 cases in the Gellatly Collec- tion. Eleven cases were rearranged.

Miss Doanda Wheeler finished repairing the Turfan frescoes in the Gellatly Collection in September 1954.

The renovation of the tapestry “Julius Caesar Crossing the Rubi- con” was completed by Neshan G. Hintlian in April 1955.

Glenn J. Martin cleaned and restored 2 paintings in the permanent collection and 6 in the Smithsonian Lending Collection.

Newly decorated offices were occupied by the curator of ceramics August 27, 1954, and the preparator of exhibits February 1, 1955.

SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS

Fourteen special exhibitions were held during the year:

July 21 through September 24, 1954.—Portrait of General Dwight D. Eisen- hower, Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Europe, 1949, by Capt. Sir Oswald Birley (1880-1952), gift of British Friends of the Artist to the People of the United States.

September 1 through 28, 1954.—An Exhibition of Creative Crafts under the joint sponsorship of the Kiln Club and the Potomac Craftsmen consisting of 133 pieces. Demonstrations of the basic steps involved in the production of work in the various crafts were given twice daily. A catalog was privately printed.

October 18 through 28, 1954.—The Fourth Biennial Exhibition of Sculpture by the Washington Sculptors Group, consisting of 75 pieces of sculpture. A catalog was privately printed.

October 18 through November 19, 1954.—A Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition entitled “Building in the Netherlands,” sponsored by the American Institute of Architects, and held under the patronage of His Excellency, the Netherlands Ambassador, Dr. J. H. van Roijen. Included were 92 photographs and 3 medels of Dutch architecture. A catalog was privately printed. A film in connection with the exhibition was shown on November 2, 1954.

November 7 through 26, 1954.—The Seventeenth Metropolitan State Art Con- test held under the auspices of the D. C. Chapter, American Artists Professional League, assisted by the Entre Nous Club, consisting of 229 paintings, sculpture, prints, ceramics, and metalcraft. A catalog was privately published.

SECRETARY’S REPORT 75

December 10 through 29, 1954.—The Eleventh Annual Exhibition of the Artists’ Guild of Washington, consisting of 77 paintings and sculptures. A catalog was privately printed.

January 6 through 26, 1955.—“Carl Bodmer Paints the Indian Frontier,” held under the patronage of His Excellency, the German Ambassador, Heinz L, Krekeler, consisting of 118 watercolors and drawings. A catalog was privately printed. This exhibition was circulated to 11 other Institutions by the Smith- sonian Traveling Exhibition Service.

January 25, 1955.—A bronze statue, Laboring Youth, by Hermann Blumenthal, presented to the American Nation by His Excellency, the German Ambassador, Heinz L. Krekeler, on behalf of the German people, was received by President Dwight D. Eisenhower for the people of the United States in the auditorium of the United States Natural History Building. It was on special exhibition in the lobby until April 25, 1955.

February 4 through 27, 1955.—The Fifth Interservice Photography Contest, consisting of over 250 photographs.

March 6 through 25, 1955.—The Fifty-eighth Annual Exhibition of the Wash- ington Water Color Club, consisting of 171 watercolors, etchings and drawings. A catalog was privately printed.

April 3 through 24, 1955.—Exhibit of 60 photographs and 37 watercolors under auspices of the Audubon Society, D. C. Chapter.

April 3 through 24, 1955.—The Twenty-second Annual Exhibition of the Minia- ture Painters, Sculptors, and Gravers Society of Washington, D. C., consisting of 235 examples. <A catalog was privately printed.

May 8 through 31, 1955.—“*Under Freedom,” an exhibition depicting 300 years of Jewish Life in the United States, presented by the Greater Washington Com- mittee for the American Jewish Tercentenary, consisting of ritual objects, por- traits, sculpture, engravings, photographs, books, letters, documents, charts, maps, and innumerable other items. A catalog was privately printed.

June 15 through July 7, 1955.—The Sixty-third Annual Exhibition of the So- ciety of Washington Artists, consisting of 65 paintings and 15 pieces of sculpture. A catalog was privately printed.

Respectfully submitted. Tuomas M. Beaes, Director. Dr. Leonarp CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

Sir

Freer

Report on the Freer Gallery of Art

: I have the honor to submit the thirty-fifth annual report on the Gallery of Art, for the year ended June 30, 1955.

THE COLLECTIONS

One hundred and twenty objects were added to the collections by purchase, as follows:

54.22.

54.121.

54.122.

55.1.

54.120.

55.7.

54.19.

54.18.

54.118.

54.115.

BRONZE

Chinese, T‘ang dynasty (A. D. 618-906). Hight-lobed mirror; backed with a sheet of silver decorated with floral and animal designs in repoussé on a punchwork ground; some green patina, earthy adhe- sions, and traces of silk wrapping. Diameter: 0.245.

Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. C.). Garment hook in- laid with silver, gold, glass, and jade. Length: 0.220.

Chinese, Early Chou dynasty (11th-10th century B. C.). Ceremonial vessel of the type tsun; decorated with cast designs in intaglio and low relief; grayish-green patina. 0.275 x 0.247. (Illustrated.)

Chinese, Shang dynasty (12th—11th century B. C.). Ceremonial vessel of the type tsun; decorated with casting in intaglio and low relief; gray patina, fossae filled with chaleolite; single character inscrip- tion cast inside foot. 0.254 x 0.204.

JADE

Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. C.). Garment hook, carved, white jade in a gold mounting. Length: 0.123.

Persian, Safavid period (16th century). Dark-green jug with canine head on handle; intaglio carving of arabesque rinceaux inlaid with

gold. 0.087 x 0.100. LACQUER

Chinese, Late Chou dynasty (5th-3d century B. O.). Circular wood tray lacquered with designs in red and yellow on brown ground. Diameter: 0.312.

Japanese, Tokugawa period (18th century). Small chest of drawers lacquered in several techniques with landscape scene and flora. 0.206 x 0.168 x 0.245.

Japanese, Tokugawa period (18th century). Incense box in four pieces lacquered in several techniques with landscape, birds, and flowers; inlaid with mother-of-pearl, gold, and silver; tray signed Shogyoku. 0.113 x 0.113 x 0.106. (Illustrated.)

METALWORK

Persian, Safavid period (16th-17th century). Silver bowl decorated with arabesques and a poem in nasta‘liq script inlaid in gold; niello in background. 0.032 x 0.112.

76

54.128.

54.20.

54.21.

54.126.

04.27.

54.29.

54.31,

54.116.

54.33- 54.114.

54.119.

oO OU iw)

55.3- 55.6.

54,23.

SECRETARY’S REPORT UL

Persian, Seljuq period (12th-13th century). Nine-sided bronze candle- stick inlaid with nine bands of silver decoration showing enthroned rulers, musicians, and conventional designs. 0.163 x 0.180.

aa

PAINTING

Chinese, Yiian dynasty, attributed to Ch‘eng Ch‘i (13th century). Hand- scroll illustrating sericulture; full color on paper; 40 seals and 8 inscriptions on mount; 92 seals and 49 inscriptions on painting; 1 seal on label on outside. 12.493 x 0.319.

Chinese, Yiian dynasty, attributed to Ch‘eng Ch‘i (13th century). Hand- scroll illustrating rice culture; full color on paper; 96 seals and 10 inscriptions on mount; 506 seals and 45 inscriptions on painting; 1 seal on label on outside. 10.340 x 0.326.

Chinese, Sung dynasty, by Li Chih (11th century). Parakeet on an apricot branch; full color on silk. 0.270 x 0.225.

Indian, late 16th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Emperor Babur with attendants in a garden pavilion; line drawing, partly colored and gilded, on paper. 0.191 x 0.122.

Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, attributed to Kanha and Mansur. Leaf from a Babur-ndmeh; recto: 2 water buffaloes in a landscape, text; verso: 2 miniatures, each with two antelopes in a landscape, text ; full colors on paper, text in black nasta‘lig. 0.253 x 0.151.

Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, attributed to Manohar. Leaf from a historical manuscript; recto: text; verso: scene of an army on the march, text; full colors and gold on paper, text in black nasta‘liq. 0.482 x 0.279.

Indian, late 16th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Leaf from a Chin- giz-nadmeh; a Mongol emperor (Khubilai Khan) enthroned with em- press and attendants; full colors on paper. 0.388 x 0.253.

Indian, early 17th century, Mughal, school of Akbar. Leaf from im- perial album; recto: prince on horseback handing a drink to a youth in a tree; verso: text, and margin with figures; full colors and gold on paper, text in black nasia‘liq. 0.425 x 0.266.

Iraqi, late 14th century (Baghdad?). 82 leaves from a manuscript of Qazwini’s “Wonders of Creation”; each has 23 lines of text and one or more illustrations; full colors and some gold on paper, text in black naskhi, captions in red or blue. Average leaf, 0.327 x 0.224. (54.95 illustrated. )

Japanese, Tokugawa period. Ukiyoe school, by Hokusai (1760-1849). Portrait of a courtesan walking; ink, colors, and gold on silk; 1 sig- nature and 1 seal on painting. 1.105 x 0.415.

Japanese, Tokugawa period. Nanga school, by Tani Bunchd (1764-1840). Peacock and peonies; ink and colors on paper. 1.230 x 0.517.

Japanese, Tokugawa period, Ukiyoe school, by Hokusai (1760-1849). Four paintings for the block-print series Hyakunin Isshi Ubaga Etoki, Nos. 72, 57, 70, 83; ink on paper; inscription, signature, and seal on each. Average sheet, 0.259 x 0.876.

Persian, Timurid period (mid-15th century). Leaf from a Kalila Wa- Dimna manuscript; recto: “The battle between the crows and the

owls,” 2 lines of text; verso: gold caption, 13 lines of black text, 1 red subheading; colors on paper, nasta‘liq script. 0.229 x 0.146.

78

54.24,

54.25.

54.26.

54.28.

54.32.

54.117.

54.124.

54.125.

54.127.

§4.123.

55.8.

55.9.

ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955

Persian, Safavid period, time of Shih ‘Abbas (early 17th century), Isfahan school, signed Rizd. Reclining nude asleep at a watercourse ; picture and illumination in colors and gold on paper; black nasta‘lig text. 0.321 x 0.208. (Illustrated.)

Persian, Safavid period (late 16th century), signed Jan Quli. Mounted prince with attendants approaching a pavilion; colors and gold on paper; mounted on a leaf speckled with gold. 0.245 x 0.162.

Persian (about A. D. 1500), Shiraz school. Leaf; recto: groom with horse in a wooded grove; colors and gold on paper; verso: black nasta‘liq text, blue headings. 0.168 x 0.097.

Persian, Safavid period (early 17th century), Isfahan school. Leaf; recto: two youths embracing in a landscape; ink and slight color on paper; verso: quatrain in black nasta‘liq on floriated ground; signed Muhammad Husain al-Tabrizi. 0.834 x 0.229,

Persian, Safavid period (mid-16th century). Leaf; recto: a hunting scene, line drawing, with light colors and gold, mounted on an album page; verso: illuminated text; dark blue and gold, and black nasta‘lig script. 0.3885 x 0.232,

POTTERY

Chinese, Ming dynasty (early 15th century). Vase of albarello shape; fine white porcelain; glossy, transparent glaze; decorated in under- glaze blue with floral scrolls, hatching, and stylized waves. 0.212 x 0.132.

Chinese, T‘ang dynasty (A. D. 618-906). Circular dish on three low feet ; buff-white clay; soft lead glazes, transparent, green, brown, and blue; impressed decoration of floral motifs surrounding a flying goose. 0.064 x 0.285.

Chinese, Han dynasty (207 B. C.-A. D. 220). Cylindrical covered jar of the type lien on three low feet; soft brick-red clay; soft, dark-green lead glaze, yellowish brown inside; decoration molded in relief. 0.197 x 0.201.

Chinese, Ch‘ing dynasty, Ch‘ien-lung period (1736-1796). Bottle-shaped vase with “onion mouth”; fine, white porcelain; glossy, transparent glaze; decorated in delicate enamel colors, a woman and two boys in a landscape, poem in black, three simulated seals in red; 4-character Ch‘ien-lung mark in gray enamel on the base. 0.172 x 0.095.

Japanese, Tokugawa period (17th century). Chrysanthemum-shaped bowl of Kakiemon ware; fine, white porcelain; lustrous milk-white glaze, brown rim. 0.095 x 0.225.

Turkish, Ottoman (16th century), probably Isnik. Dish with flattened rim ; buff clay, transparent glaze; decoration of floral motifs in cobalt and some turquoise blue; base glazed. 0.068 x 0.376.

Persian (late 12th century), signed Hasan al-Qashani. Bowl with octa- gonal rim and high foot; soft earthenware; soft, cream-white glaze with splashes of blue; decoration molded in clay, large naskhi in- scription, small kufic signature, arabesque ground and band of leaves. 0.117 x 0.152.

Total number of accessions to date (including above) ---_-- 10, 952

SECRETARY’S REPORT 79

REPAIRS TO THE COLLECTIONS

Thirty-six Chinese and Japanese objects were restored, repaired, or remounted by T. Sugiura. W. N. Rawley strengthened the joints of a Chinese gilt bronze by soldering and mended a Japanese lacquer box with silver nails.

CHANGES IN EXHIBITIONS

Changes in exhibitions totaled 955 as follows: American art:

DOD GH OUD 0 REA re eee ean eS eee Ba eee va Ve, 32 Mithographe oss Be a 15 COS Wy oY eT Gay) a eg Yar cet ae ELA Pe sae ee ee eee 34 LTRS Cre naa lO For kab aver eee eel eee ee 23 VV ATER COLOTS rer rele ee re ee ree ee 18 Chinese art: ESOT Ze Bees eas Sag ee Es